As
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 18,
2008
SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington,
D.C. 20549
Form
S-3
REGISTRATION
STATEMENT
UNDER
THE
SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
New
York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
(Exact
Name of Registrant as Specified in its Governing Instruments)
MARYLAND
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47-0934168
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(state
or other jurisdiction or incorporation or
organization)
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(I.R.S.
Employer Identification
No.)
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1301
Avenue of the Americas
New
York, New York 10019
(212)
792-0107
(Address,
Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, including
Area
Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)
David
A. Akre
Steven
R. Mumma
Co-Chief
Executive Officers
New
York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
1301
Avenue of the Americas
New
York, New York 10019
(212)
792-0107
(212)
655-6269 (Telecopy)
(Name,
Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone
Number,
Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)
Copies
to:
Daniel
M. LeBey, Esq.
Hunton
& Williams LLP
Riverfront
Plaza, East Tower
951
E. Byrd Street
Richmond,
Virginia 23219-4074
(804)
788-8200
(804)
788-8218 (Telecopy)
Approximate
date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As
soon
as practicable after the effective date of this Registration
Statement.
If
the
only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to
dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box.
o
If
any of
the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed
or
continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933,
other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest
reinvestment plans, check the following box. þ
If
this
Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to
Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, please check the following
box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier
effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If
this
Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the
Securities Act of 1933, check the following box and list the Securities Act
registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement
for the same offering. o
If
this
Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D.
or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing
with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act,
check the following box. o
If
this
Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed
pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional
securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to
Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box.
o
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an
accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company.
See
definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller
reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of The Exchange Act. (check
one):
Large
Accelerated Filer o
Accelerated
Filer o
Non-Accelerated
Filer x Smaller
Reporting Company o
CALCULATION
OF REGISTRATION FEE
Title of Securities Being Registered(1)
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Amount to
Be
Registered(2)
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Proposed
Maximum
Offering Price
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Proposed Maximum
Aggregate Offering
Price(2)
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Amount of
Registration Fee
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Series A Cumulative Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par
value per share
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1,000,000
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$
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20.00
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$
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20,000,000.00
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$
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786.00
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Common
Stock, $0.01 par value per share
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2,500,000
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$
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5.72
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(3)
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$
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14,300,000
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(3)
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(1)
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This
Registration Statement relates to the resale or other distribution
by the
selling stockholders named herein of up to 1,000,000 shares of
Series A Cumulative Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock
(“Series A Preferred Stock”) and 2,500,000 shares of common
stock, $0.01 par value (“Common Stock”), which are issuable upon
conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, in each case, of New York
Mortgage Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the
“Registrant”).
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(2)
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Pursuant
to Rule 416 under the Securities Act, this Registration Statement
shall also cover any additional shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock
which become issuable by reason of any stock dividend, stock split
or
similar transaction or adjustment in the number of shares issuable
as
provided in the Articles Supplementary Establishing
and Fixing the Rights and Preferences of the Series A Preferred
Stock.
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(3) |
Calculated
in accordance with Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act based on
the
average of the high and low reported sales prices of our common stock
on
the NASDAQ Capital Market on June 16,
2008.
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(4)
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No
additional registration fee is required pursuant to Rule 457(i) under
the
Securities Act for the 2,500,000 shares of Commons Stock that are
issuable
upon conversion of the 1,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred
Stock.
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The
registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates
as
may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file
a
further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement
shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the
Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become
effective on such dates as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section
8(a),
may determine.
THE
INFORMATION IN THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT COMPLETE AND MAY BE CHANGED. WE MAY
NOT
SELL THESE SECURITIES UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FILED WITH THE SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION IS EFFECTIVE. THIS PROSPECTUS IS NOT AN OFFER TO
SELL
THESE SECURITIES AND IT IS NOT SOLICITING AN OFFER TO BUY THESE SECURITIES
IN
ANY STATE WHERE THE OFFER OR SALE IS NOT PERMITTED.
SUBJECT
TO COMPLETION, DATED JUNE 18, 2008
PROSPECTUS
1,000,000
Shares of Series A Cumulative Redeemable Convertible Preferred
Stock
2,500,000
Shares of Common Stock
________________
We
are a
self-advised real estate investment trust, or REIT, in the business of investing
in residential adjustable rate mortgage-backed securities issued by a United
States government-sponsored enterprise, or GSE, such as the Federal National
Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae, or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation, or Freddie Mac, prime credit quality residential adjustable-rate
mortgage loans and non-agency mortgage-backed securities.
This
prospectus relates to the resale, from time to time, by the selling stockholders
named in this prospectus of up to 1,000,000 shares of our Series A Cumulative
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share, or Series
A
Preferred Stock, and up to 2,500,000 shares of our common stock, $0.01 par
value
per share, which are issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock.
Pursuant to the Articles Supplementary Establishing and Fixing the Rights and
Preferences of the Series A Preferred Stock, a holder of our Series A
Preferred Stock has the right, at its option, to convert all or any portion
of
the Series A Preferred Stock owned by it at a conversion rate of one share
of
common stock per $8.00 liquidation preference, which represents a conversion
rate of two and one-half (2 ½) shares of common stock for each share of our
Series A Preferred Stock. The selling stockholders named in this prospectus
purchased the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock being offered by this
prospectus at a price per share of $20.00 pursuant to a private placement in
reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(2) of the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Rule 506 of
Regulation D thereunder. We are registering these shares in accordance with
the
terms of a registration rights agreement among us and the selling stockholders
named herein, for the benefit of those parties and their permitted transferees.
The registration of these shares does not necessarily mean the selling
stockholders will offer or sell any of these shares. We will not receive any
of
the proceeds from the sale of these shares by the selling stockholders, but
we
will incur expenses in connection with the registration of these
shares.
Our
shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market, under the symbol
“NYMT.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital
Market on June 16, 2008, was $5.94 per share. We have agreed to use our
commercially reasonable best efforts to cause the Series A Preferred Stock
to be
listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. Our Series A Preferred Stock is not
currently listed on any securities exchange.
The
selling stockholders from time to time may offer and resell the shares held
by
them directly or through agents or broker-dealers on terms to be determined
at
the time of the sale. To the extent required, the name of any agent or
broker-dealer and applicable commissions or discounts and any other required
information with respect to any particular offer will be set forth in a
prospectus supplement that will accompany this prospectus. A prospectus
supplement also may add, update or change the information contained in this
prospectus.
We
are
organized and conduct our operations to qualify as a real estate investment
trust, or REIT, for federal income tax purposes. To assist us in qualifying
as a
REIT, ownership of our capital stock by any person is generally limited to
9.9%
in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class
or
series of the outstanding shares of our capital stock. In addition, our charter
contains various other restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our common
stock, see “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Ownership and
Transfer.”
Investing
in the securities offered by this prospectus involves risks. See “ Risk Factors”
beginning on page 8 of this prospectus for a discussion of those
risks.
Neither
the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission
has
approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus
is
truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
The
date
of this prospectus
is ,
2008.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
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Page
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HOW
TO OBTAIN MORE INFORMATION
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ii
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INCORPORATION
OF INFORMATION FILED WITH THE SEC
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ii
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ABOUT
THIS PROSPECTUS
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iii
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CERTAIN
DEFINITIONS
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iii
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SPECIAL
NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
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iii
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OUR
COMPANY
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1
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THE
OFFERING
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3
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RISK
FACTORS
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8
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USE
OF PROCEEDS
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27
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SELLING
STOCKHOLDERS
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27
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RATIO
OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES
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30
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SELECTED FINANCIAL
DATA |
31
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DESCRIPTION
OF SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK
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32
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DESCRIPTION
OF CAPITAL STOCK
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37
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CERTAIN
PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
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41
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FEDERAL
INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR STATUS AS A REIT
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46
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PLAN
OF DISTRIBUTION
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63
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65
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EXPERTS
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65
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You
should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference
in
this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement. We have not authorized
anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with
different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We will not
make an offer to sell the shares of common stock described in this prospectus
or
any applicable prospectus supplement in any state where the offer or sale is
not
permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus,
as well as the information we previously filed with the SEC and incorporated
by
reference, is accurate only as of the date of the documents containing the
information.
HOW
TO OBTAIN MORE INFORMATION
We
file
annual, quarterly and other periodic reports, proxy statements and other
information with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. You may read
and copy any reports, statements, or other information we file with the SEC
at
its public reference room in Washington, D.C. (100 F Street, N.E. 20549).
Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public
reference room. Our filings are also available to the public on the Internet,
through a website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.
INCORPORATION
OF INFORMATION FILED WITH THE SEC
The
SEC
allows us to “incorporate by reference” into this prospectus the information we
file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important business,
financial and other information to you by referring you to other documents
separately filed with the SEC. All information incorporated by reference is
part
of this prospectus, unless and until that information is updated and superseded
by the information contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement
to
the prospectus or any information incorporated by reference later. We
incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings
we
make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, unless specifically stated otherwise, prior
to
completion of the offering of securities described in this
prospectus.
We
incorporate by reference the documents listed below:
1. Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31,
2007.
2. Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2008.
3. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed January 25, 2008 (with respect to Items 1.01, 3.02,
5.02, 5.03 and 9.01).
4. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed February 19, 2008.
5. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed February 21, 2008.
6. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed February 26, 2008.
7. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed March 11, 2008.
8. Current
Report on Form 8-K/A filed March 14, 2008.
9. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed March 19, 2008.
10. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed April 22, 2008.
11. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed May 16, 2008.
12. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed May 28, 2008.
13. Current
Report on Form 8-K filed June 4, 2008.
14. The
description of our capital stock contained in our Registration Statement on
Form
8-A filed June 3, 2008.
You
may
obtain copies of these documents at no cost by requesting them from us in
writing at the following address: New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., c/o Secretary,
1301 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019. Our telephone number
is
(212) 792-0107.
ABOUT
THIS PROSPECTUS
This
prospectus is part of a resale shelf registration statement. The selling
stockholders named under the heading “Selling Stockholders” may sell, from time
to time, in one or more offerings, the shares of the Series A Preferred Stock
and common stock described in this prospectus. This prospectus only provides
you
with a general description of the securities the selling stockholders may offer.
To the extent required for any offering, a prospectus supplement will set forth
the number of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock and common stock being
offered, the initial offering price, the names of any underwriters, dealers,
brokers or agents and the applicable sales commission or discount. The
prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained
in
this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus
supplement together with the additional information described under the heading
“How to Obtain More Information.”
CERTAIN
DEFINITIONS
In
this
prospectus, unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “our company,”
“we,” “us” and “our” mean New York Mortgage Trust, Inc., including its
subsidiaries. “Hypotheca” refers to our taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, and
predecessor, Hypotheca Capital, LLC (formerly known as The New York Mortgage
Company, LLC), “NYMF” refers to our qualified REIT subsidiary, or QRS, New York
Mortgage Funding, LLC and “JMPAM” refers to JMP Asset Management LLC, the
external advisor to Hypotheca, NYMF and any additional subsidiaries acquired
or
formed in the future to hold investments made on our behalf by JMPAM.
Collectively, we refer to the subsidiaries to be advised by JMPAM as the
“Managed Subsidiaries.”
This
prospectus contains certain forward-looking statements. Forward looking
statements are those which are not historical in nature and can often be
identified by their inclusion of words such as “will,” “anticipate,” “estimate,”
“should,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend” and similar expressions. Any projection
of revenues, earnings or losses, capital expenditures, distributions, capital
structure or other financial terms is a forward-looking statement. Certain
statements regarding the following particularly are forward-looking in
nature:
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future
performance, developments, market forecasts or projected dividends;
and
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projected
capital expenditures.
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It
is
important to note that the description of our business is a statement about
our
operations as of a specific point in time. It is not meant to be construed
as an
investment policy, and the types of assets we hold, the amount of leverage
we
use, the liabilities we incur and other characteristics of our assets and
liabilities are subject to reevaluation and change without notice.
Our
forward-looking statements are based upon our management’s beliefs, assumptions
and expectations of our future operations and economic performance, taking
into
account the information currently available to us. Forward-looking statements
involve risks and uncertainties, some of which are not currently known to us,
that might cause our actual results, performance or financial condition to
be
materially different from the expectations of future results, performance or
financial condition we express or imply in any forward-looking statements.
Some
of the important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or
financial condition to differ materially from expectations are:
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our
portfolio strategy may be changed or modified by our management without
advance notice to stockholders, and we may suffer losses as a result
of
such modifications or changes;
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market
changes in the terms and availability of repurchase agreements used
to
finance our investment portfolio
activities;
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interest
rate mismatches between our mortgage-backed securities and our borrowings
used to fund such purchases;
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changes
in interest rates and mortgage prepayment
rates;
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effects
of interest rate caps on our adjustable-rate mortgage-backed
securities;
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the
degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us
from
interest rate volatility;
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potential
impacts of our leveraging policies on our net income and cash available
for distribution;
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our
board's ability to change our operating policies and strategies without
notice to you or stockholder
approval;
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our
ability to manage, minimize or eliminate liabilities stemming from
the
discontinued operations including, among other things, litigation,
repurchase obligations on the sales of mortgage loans and property
leases;
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there
are conflicts of interest in our relationship with JMP Asset Management
LLC, or JMPAM, the external advisor to Hypotheca and NYMF, which
could
result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our
stockholders;
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termination
of the advisory agreement with JMPAM may be difficult and costly;
and
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the
other important factors described in this prospectus under the caption
“Risk Factors,” and in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form
10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, Part II, Item 1A of our
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31,
2008
and the various other factors identified in or incorporated by reference
into this prospectus and any other documents filed by us with the
SEC.
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We
undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the events described
by
our forward-looking events might not occur. We qualify any and all of our
forward-looking statements by these cautionary factors. In addition, you should
carefully review the risk factors described in other documents we file from
time
to time with the SEC.
OUR
COMPANY
General
We
are a
self-advised real estate investment trust, or REIT, in the business of investing
in residential adjustable rate mortgage-backed securities issued by a United
States government-sponsored enterprise, or GSE, such as the Federal National
Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae, or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation, or Freddie Mac, prime credit quality residential
adjustable-rate mortgage, or ARM, loans, which we refer to as prime ARM loans,
and non-agency mortgage-backed securities. We refer to residential adjustable
rate mortgage-backed securities throughout this prospectus as MBS and MBS issued
by a GSE as Agency MBS. We seek attractive long-term investment returns by
investing our equity capital and borrowed funds in such securities. Our
principal business objective is to generate net income for distribution to
our
stockholders resulting from the spread between the interest and other income
we
earn on our interest-earning assets and the interest expense we pay on the
borrowings that we use to finance these assets, which we refer to as our net
interest income.
We
believe that the best approach to generating a positive net interest income
is
to manage our liabilities, principally in the form of short-term indebtedness
(maturities of one year or less), in relation to the interest rate risks of
our
investments. To help achieve this result, we employ repurchase
agreement financing, generally short-term, and over time will combine our
financings with hedging techniques, primarily interest rate swaps. We may,
subject to maintaining our REIT qualification, also employ other hedging
techniques from time to time, including interest rate caps, floors and swap
options to protect against adverse interest rate movements.
Since
inception, our investment portfolio strategy has focused on the acquisition
of
high-credit quality ARM loans and securities. Moreover, since our exit from
the
mortgage lending business on March 31, 2007, we have exclusively focused our
resources and efforts on investing, on a leveraged basis, in MBS and, since
August 2007, we have employed a portfolio strategy that focuses on
investments in Agency MBS. As of March 31, 2008, our assets were
comprised of primarily Agency MBS and prime ARM loans held in securitization
trusts.
Although
we are in the business of investing in MBS and have most recently employed
a
portfolio strategy that focuses on investments in Agency MBS, we may engage
in
an alternative mortgage related investment strategy in the near future when
market conditions permit. In connection with our exit from the mortgage lending
business, we have an approximately $63.1 million net operating loss
carry-forward from Hypotheca. We expect that JMPAM will, as an advisor to the
Managed Subsidiaries pursuant to an advisory agreement between JMPAM and our
company, focus on the acquisition of alternative mortgage related investments
on
behalf of the Managed Subsidiaries, some of which may allow us to utilize all
or
a portion of the net operating loss carry-forward. We expect this alternative
mortgage-related investment strategy to primarily take the form of equity
investments in unaffiliated third party entities, or Funds, that acquire or
manage a portfolio of non-Agency MBS, some or all of which may be classified
as
non-investment grade securities. This strategy, if and when implemented, will
vary from our core strategy and we can provide no assurance that we or JMPAM
will be successful at implementing any alternative investment
strategy.
Our
principal offices are currently located at 1301 Avenue of the Americas, New
York, New York 10019 and our telephone number is (212) 792-0107. At the end
of
June 2008, we expect to relocate our offices to 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, Suite
403, New York, New York 10166. Our web site address is http://www.nymtrust.com.
The information at or connected to our web site does not constitute a part
of
this prospectus.
Recent
Events
Reverse
Stock Split
On
May
27, 2008, we completed a one-for-two reverse stock split of our common stock.
The one-for-two reverse stock split provided stockholders of record as of 12:01
a.m. on May 27, 2008, which we refer to as the effective time, with one share
of
common stock for every two shares of common stock owned as of the effective
time. The Articles Supplementary Establishing and Fixing the Rights and
Preferences of the Series A Preferred Stock, or Articles Supplementary, provide
that the conversion rate and effective conversion price for our Series A
Preferred Stock be appropriately adjusted to reflect any reverse stock split.
As
a result, the conversion rate on our Series A Preferred Stock was automatically
adjusted to two and one-half to one (2 ½ to 1) from the original five to one (5
to 1) conversion rate and the effective conversion price on our Series A
Preferred Stock was adjusted to $8.00 per share from the original $4.00 per
share.
Common
Stock Approved for Listing on NASDAQ Capital Market
Our
common stock was approved for listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market on June
4,
2008 and began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market effective June 5, 2008
under
the symbol “NYMT”. Prior to our listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market, our common
stock was most recently quoted on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board, or OTCBB,
under the stock symbol “NYMO”. We have agreed to use our commercially reasonable
best efforts to cause the Series A Preferred Stock to be listed on the NASDAQ
Capital Market. Our Series A Preferred Stock is not currently listed on any
securities exchange.
THE
OFFERING
Series A
Preferred Stock Offered by the Selling Stockholders
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Up
to 1,000,000 shares of Series A Cumulative Convertible Redeemable
Preferred Stock.
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Common
Stock Offered by the Selling Stockholders
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Up
to 2,500,000 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion
of the Series
A Preferred Stock.
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Terms
of Series A Preferred Stock:
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Liquidation
Preference
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Upon
any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding
up of our
company, before any payment or distribution by us shall be made
to or set
apart for the holders of any shares of common stock, holders
of Series A
Preferred Stock are entitled to receive a liquidation preference
of $20.00
per share, plus an amount equal to all accumulated, accrued and
unpaid
dividends (whether or not earned or declared) to the date of
final
distribution to such holders.
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Dividends
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Holders
of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at the
rate of the greater of (i) two and one half percent (2.5%) per
quarter of
the $20.00 per share liquidation preference of the Series A Preferred
Stock (equivalent to a fixed annual amount of $2.00 per share)
or (ii) the
quotient of the quarterly dividend declared by us on shares of
our common
stock divided by $8.00, which represents the conversion
price.
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Dividends
will accumulate on a daily basis and are cumulative from (but
excluding)
the original date of issuance and are payable quarterly in arrears
on or
before the last day of each January, April, July and October
of each year,
to holders of record of the Series A Preferred Stock at the close
of business on
the last business day of March, June, September and December
immediately
preceding such dividend payment date. Accumulated dividends on
the shares
of our Series A Preferred Stock will not bear any interest. We paid
the first dividend on the Series A Preferred Stock on March 31,
2008.
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Ranking
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Shares
of our Series A Preferred Stock will rank with respect to dividend
and distribution rights, redemption rights and upon our liquidation,
winding up or dissolution:
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—
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prior
or senior to any class or series of common stock of our company
and any
other class or series of equity securities of
our company, if the holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall
be entitled
to the receipt of dividends or of amounts distributable upon
liquidation,
dissolution or winding up in preference or priority to the holders
of
shares of such class or series, or junior stock;
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on
a parity with any class or series of equity securities of our
company if,
pursuant to the specific terms of such class or series of equity
securities, the holders of such class or series of equity
securities and
the Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to the receipt
of dividends
and of amounts distributable upon liquidation, dissolution or
winding up
in proportion to their respective amounts of accrued and unpaid
dividends
per share or liquidation preferences, without preference or priority
one
over the other, or parity stock;
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junior
to any class or series of equity securities of
our company if, pursuant to the specific terms of such class
or series,
the holders of such class or series shall be entitled to the
receipt of
dividends or amounts distributable upon liquidation, dissolution
or
winding up in preference or priority to the holders of the Series
A
Preferred Stock, or senior stock; and
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junior
to all existing and future indebtedness of our company.
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Redemption
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To
the extent any shares of our Series A Preferred Stock are not
converted
into shares of our common stock by December 31, 2010, we will
redeem the
outstanding Series A Preferred Stock, in whole but not in part,
on or
about December 31, 2010 at a cash redemption price equal to 100% of
the Liquidation Preference, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends
to the
date fixed for redemption, which we refer to as the redemption
date.
Except as set forth below, the Series A Preferred Stock is not
redeemable
prior to December 31, 2010:
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At
any time following a Change of Control Optional Conversion Termination
Date (as defined below under “Description of Series A Preferred Stock —
Redemption”), we have the option upon written notice to the holders of
record of the then outstanding shares of our Series A Preferred
Stock (in
accordance with certain notice requirements) to redeem the then
outstanding shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, in whole
but not in
part, within 90 days after the Change of Control Optional Conversion
Termination Date, for a cash redemption price equal to 100% of
the $20.00
per share liquidation preference, plus all accrued and unpaid
dividends to
the redemption date.
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Conversion
of Series A Preferred Stock
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Shares
of our Series A Preferred Stock may be converted into shares
of our common
stock as follows:
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Optional
Conversion Right:
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A
holder of our Series A Preferred Stock has the right, at its
option, to
convert all or any portion of its outstanding Series A Preferred
Stock
into the number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of our
common
stock at a conversion rate of one share of common stock per $8.00
liquidation preference, which represents a conversion rate of
two and
one-half (2 ½) shares of common stock for each share of Series A Preferred
Stock.
See “Description
of Series A Preferred Stock — Conversion”
below.
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Mandatory
Conversion:
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Each
outstanding share of our Series A Preferred Stock will be converted
into
the number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of our common
stock at
the conversion rate (subject to adjustment as described below)
upon
satisfaction of the following conditions:
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we
have obtained the requisite approval(s), if any, of our common
stockholders in connection with the issuance of the Series A
Preferred
Stock or any of our common stock issuable upon conversion of
such shares
of Series A Preferred Stock;
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the
resale registration statement has been declared effective by
the SEC;
and
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the
number of shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion
of the
outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock equals a number
that is
less than ten percent (10%) of our then outstanding common
stock.
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See
“Description of Series A Preferred Stock — Conversion”
below.
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Conversion
Rate Adjustments
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If,
while any shares of our Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding,
we
effect one or more stock dividends, stock split-ups (including
reverse
splits), subdivisions or consolidations on shares of our common
stock, the
conversion rate provided for in the Articles Supplementary will
be
appropriately adjusted to reflect such stock dividends, stock
split-ups,
subdivisions or consolidations of shares of our common stock.
For example,
on May 27, 2008, we completed a one-for-two reverse stock split
on the
then outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, the
conversion
rate on our Series A Preferred Stock was adjusted to two and
one-half to
one from five to one.
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In
addition, if during the period in which shares of our Series
A Preferred
Stock remain outstanding we issue or sell any shares of our common
stock
(excluding any equity awards granted under the Company’s 2005 Stock
Incentive Plan) for a price per share that is less than the effective
conversion price, which as of May 27, 2008 was $8.00 per share,
at the
time of such issuance or sale, the conversion rate for our Series
A
Preferred Stock immediately will be adjusted by multiplying the
conversion
rate by the quotient of (x) the conversion price at the time
of such
issuance or sale divided by (y) the product of the conversion
price at the
time of such issuance or sale multiplied by (a) an amount equal
to the sum
of (i) the number of shares of our common stock outstanding and
deemed to
be outstanding immediately prior to such sale plus the number
of shares of
our common stock to be issued upon such issuance or sale multiplied
by the
conversion price at the time of such issuance or sale and (ii)
the total
consideration received and deemed to be received by us upon such
issuance
and sale and (b) dividing the result by an amount equal to (i)
the sum of
(A) the amount determined in (a) and (B) the product of the number
of
shares issued or sold multiplied by the conversion price at the
time of
such issuance or sale, minus (ii) the consideration
received.
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Voting
Rights
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Holders
of our Series A Preferred Stock have the same voting rights as
holders of
our common stock and will vote together with holders of common
stock as a
single class, on an “as-converted” basis, except as set forth
below:
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Failure
to Pay Dividends:
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If
we fail to pay dividends on any shares of our Series A Preferred
Stock for
six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive), the
number of
directors then constituting our Board of Directors will be increased
by
two and the holders of such shares of our Series A Preferred
Stock (voting
together as a single class with all other shares of parity stock
of any
other class or series which is entitled to similar voting rights
(excluding common stock), which we refer to throughout this prospectus
as
voting preferred stock, will be entitled to vote for the election
of the
two additional directors of our company at any annual meeting
of
stockholders or at a special meeting of the holders of our Series
A
Preferred Stock and of the voting preferred stock called for
that purpose.
Whenever dividends in arrears on outstanding shares of our Series
A
Preferred Stock have been paid and dividends thereon for the
current
quarterly dividend period have been paid or declared and set
apart for
payment, then the right of the holders of our Series A Preferred
Stock to
elect such additional two directors will cease and the terms
of office of
such directors will terminate, with the number of directors constituting
our Board of Directors being reduced accordingly.
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Special
Voting Rights on Certain Matters:
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The
affirmative vote or consent of at least 66 2/3%
of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our outstanding
Series
A Preferred Stock and the holders of all other classes or series
of
preferred stock of our company entitled to vote on such matters,
voting as
a single class, will be required to (i) authorize the creation of,
the increase in the authorized amount of, or issuance of any
shares of any
class of senior stock or any security convertible into shares
of any class
of senior stock or (ii) amend, alter or repeal any provision of, or
add any provision to, the charter, including the Articles Supplementary
for the Series A Preferred Stock, if such action would materially
adversely affect the voting powers, rights or preferences of
the holders
of the Series A Preferred Stock.
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Use
of Proceeds
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All
of the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock
offered hereby are being sold by the selling stockholders. We
will not
receive any proceeds from the sale by the selling stockholders
of our
Series A Preferred Stock or our common stock in this
offering.
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Tax
Consequences
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The
U.S. federal income tax consequences of purchasing, owning and
disposing
of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock are described in
“Federal Income Tax Consequences of our Status as a
REIT.”
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Actual
or constructive distributions on shares of our Series A Preferred
Stock and common stock will be taxable as dividends to the extent
of our
current and accumulated earnings and profits, as calculated for
federal
income tax purposes. Prospective investors are urged to consult
their own
tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of purchasing, owning
and
disposing of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock in light
of their personal investment circumstances.
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Absence
of a Public Market for the Series A Preferred Stock
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The
shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued in a private placement
transaction pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act and
Rule 506 of
Regulation D thereunder and are not currently listed on any market
or
exchange. We have agreed to use our commercially reasonable best
efforts
to cause the Series A Preferred Stock to be listed on the NASDAQ
Capital
Market.
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Listing
of Our Common Stock
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Our
shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market
under the
symbol “NYMT.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on the
NASDAQ Capital Market on June 16, 2008, was $5.94 per
share.
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Transfer
Restrictions
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Shares
of our capital stock are subject to ownership limitations that
we must
impose in order to maintain our status as a REIT. Generally,
no person may
own more than 9.9% in value or number of our shares, whichever
is more
restrictive, of any class or series of the outstanding shares
of our
capital stock, subject to any exemption that we have granted
or may in the
future grant to one or more of our stockholders. See “Description of
Capital Stock — Restrictions on Ownership and
Transfer.”
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Risk
Factors
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See
“Risk Factors” and the other information included in or incorporated by
reference in this prospectus for a discussion of the factors
you should
carefully consider before deciding to invest in shares of our
Series A Preferred Stock and our common
stock.
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RISK
FACTORS
Investing
in our Series A Preferred Stock or common stock involves a high degree of risk.
Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the
following risks and all of the other information contained in this prospectus.
The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face.
Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are currently unaware, or that
we
currently deem immaterial, may arise in the future or may become material
factors that affect us. If any of the risks, uncertainties, events or
developments described below occurs, our business, financial condition or
results of operation could be negatively impacted. In that case, the price
of
our shares of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock could decline
significantly, and you could lose some or all of your investment. In connection
with the forward-looking statements that appear in this prospectus, you should
also carefully review the cautionary statements included under the caption
“Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risks
Related to Our Business
Interest
rate fluctuations may cause losses.
We
believe our primary interest rate exposure relates to our mortgage loans, MBS
and variable-rate debt, as well as the interest rate swaps and caps that we
utilize for risk management purposes. Changes in interest rates may affect
our
net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income we
earn
on our interest-earning assets and the interest expense we incur in financing
these assets. Changes in the level of interest rates also can affect our ability
to acquire mortgage loans or MBS, the value of our assets and our ability to
realize gains from the sale of such assets. In a period of rising interest
rates, our interest expense could increase while the interest we earn on our
assets would not change as rapidly. This would adversely affect our
profitability.
Our
operating results depend in large part on differences between income received
from our assets, net of credit losses, and our financing costs. We anticipate
that in most cases, for any period during which our assets are not match-funded,
the income from such assets will adjust more slowly to interest rate
fluctuations than the cost of our borrowings. Consequently, changes in interest
rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may significantly influence
our
net income. We anticipate that increases in interest rates will tend to decrease
our net income. Interest rate fluctuations resulting in our interest expense
exceeding our interest income would result in operating losses for us and may
limit or eliminate our ability to make distributions to our
stockholders.
We
may experience a decline in the market value of our
assets.
The
market value of the interest-bearing assets that we have acquired and intend
to
continue to acquire, most notably MBS and purchased prime ARM loans and any
related hedging instruments, may move inversely with changes in interest rates.
We anticipate that increases in interest rates will tend to decrease our net
income. A decline in the market value of our investment securities, such as
the
decline we experienced during March 2008, primarily as a result of news of
potential security liquidations, may adversely affect us, particularly where
we
have borrowed money based on the market value of those investment securities.
In
such case, the lenders may require, and have required, us to post additional
collateral to support the borrowing. If we cannot post the additional
collateral, we may have to rapidly liquidate assets at a time when we might
not
otherwise choose to do so and we may still be unable to post the required
collateral, further harming our liquidity and subjecting us to liability to
our
lenders for the declines in the market values of the collateral. For example,
in
March 2008, due in part to decreases in the market value of certain of our
investment securities and the anticipated increase in collateral requirements
by
our lenders as a result of such decrease in the market value of such securities,
we elected to increase our liquidity by reducing our leverage through the sale
of an aggregate of approximately $592.8 million of Agency MBS, which resulted
in
an aggregate loss of approximately $15.0 million. If we liquidate investment
securities at prices lower than the amortized costs of such investment
securities, we will incur losses.
Changes
in prepayment rates on our investment securities may decrease our net interest
income.
Pools
of
mortgage loans underlie the investment securities that we acquire. We will
generally receive principal distributions from the principal payments that
are
made on these underlying mortgage loans. When borrowers repay their mortgage
loans faster than expected, this will result in prepayments that are faster
than
expected on the investment securities. Prepayment rates are influenced by
changes in current interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic and
other factors, all of which are beyond our control. Prepayment rates generally
increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise, but
changes in prepayment rates are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates also
may
be affected by conditions in the housing and financial markets, general economic
conditions and the relative interest rates on fixed-rate and adjustable-rate
mortgage loans. Faster than expected prepayments could adversely affect our
profitability, including in the following ways:
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We
have purchased, and may purchase in the future, investment securities
that
have a higher interest rate than the market interest rate at the
time of
purchase. In exchange for this higher interest rate, we are required
to
pay a premium over the face amount of the security to acquire the
security. In accordance with accounting rules, we amortize this premium
over the anticipated term of the mortgage security. If principal
distributions are received faster than anticipated, we would be required
to expense the premium faster. We may not be able to reinvest the
principal distributions received on these investment securities in
similar
new mortgage-related securities and, to the extent that we can do
so, the
effective interest rates on the new mortgage-related securities will
likely be lower than the yields on the mortgages that were
prepaid.
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We
also may acquire investment securities at a discount. If the actual
prepayment rates on a discount mortgage security are slower than
anticipated at the time of purchase, we would be required to recognize
the
discount as income more slowly than anticipated. This would adversely
affect our profitability. Slower than expected prepayments also may
adversely affect the market value of a discount mortgage
security.
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A
disproportionate rise in short-term interest rates as compared to longer-term
interest
rates may adversely affect our income.
The
relationship between short-term and longer-term interest rates is often referred
to as the “yield curve.” Ordinarily, short-term interest rates are lower than
longer-term interest rates. If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately
relative to longer-term interest rates (a flattening of the yield curve), our
borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest income earned on
our
assets. Because we expect our investments, on average, generally will bear
interest based on longer-term rates than our borrowings, a flattening of the
yield curve would tend to decrease our net income and the market value of our
net assets. Additionally, to the extent cash flows from investments that return
scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested, the spread between the
yields on the new investments and available borrowing rates may decline, which
would likely decrease our net income. It is also possible that short-term
interest rates may exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion),
in which event our borrowing costs may exceed our interest income and we could
incur operating losses.
A
flat or inverted yield curve may adversely affect prepayment rates on and the
supply of our investment securities.
Our
net
interest income varies primarily as a result of changes in interest rates as
well as changes in interest rates across the yield curve. We believe that when
the yield curve is relatively flat, borrowers have an incentive to refinance
into hybrid mortgages with longer initial fixed rate periods and fixed rate
mortgages, causing our investment securities to experience faster prepayments.
In addition, a flatter yield curve generally leads to fixed-rate mortgage rates
that are closer to the interest rates available on hybrid ARMs and ARMs,
possibly decreasing the supply of the investment securities we seek to acquire.
At times, short-term interest rates may increase and exceed long-term interest
rates, causing an inverted yield curve. When the yield curve is inverted,
fixed-rate mortgage rates may approach or be lower than hybrid ARMs or ARM
rates, further increasing prepayments on, and negatively impacting the supply
of, our investment securities. Increases in prepayments on our portfolio will
cause our premium amortization to accelerate, lowering the yield on such assets.
If this happens, we could experience a decrease in net income or incur a net
loss during these periods, which may negatively impact our distributions to
stockholders.
Interest
rate mismatches between our adjustable-rate agency securities and our borrowings
used to fund our purchases of these securities may reduce our income during
periods of changing interest rates.
Our
borrowings have interest rates that adjust more frequently than the interest
rate indices and repricing terms of the investment securities we seek to acquire
and currently hold in our portfolio. Accordingly, if short-term interest rates
increase, our borrowing costs may increase faster than the interest rates on
our
investment securities adjust. As a result, in a period of rising interest rates,
we could experience a decrease in net income or a net loss.
Our
current portfolio is comprised primarily of, and we intend that most of the
investment securities we acquire in the future will be, adjustable-rate
securities. This means that their interest rates may vary over time based upon
changes in an identified short-term interest rate index. In most cases, the
interest rate indices and repricing terms of the investment securities that
we
acquire and our borrowings will not be identical, thereby potentially creating
an interest rate mismatch between our investments and our borrowings. While
the
historical spread between relevant short-term interest rate indices has been
relatively stable, there have been periods when the spread between these indices
was volatile. During periods of changing interest rates, these interest rate
index mismatches could reduce our net income or produce a net loss, and
adversely affect our dividends and the market price of our common
stock.
Interest
rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary
and
tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations
and other factors, all of which are beyond our control.
Interest
rate caps on our adjustable-rate investment securities may reduce our income
or
cause us to suffer a loss during periods of rising interest
rates.
The
mortgage loans underlying our adjustable-rate investment securities typically
will be subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps. Additionally,
we
may invest in ARMs with an initial “teaser” rate that will provide us with a
lower than market interest rate initially, which may accordingly have lower
interest rate caps than ARMs without such teaser rates. Periodic interest rate
caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase during a given period.
Lifetime interest rate caps limit the amount an interest rate can increase
through maturity of a mortgage loan. If these interest rate caps apply to the
mortgage loans underlying our adjustable-rate investment securities, the
interest distributions made on the related securities will be similarly
impacted. Our borrowings may not be subject to similar interest rate caps.
Accordingly, in a period of rapidly increasing interest rates, the interest
rates paid on our borrowings could increase without limitation while caps would
limit the interest distributions on our adjustable-rate investment securities.
Further, some of the mortgage loans underlying our adjustable-rate investment
securities may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in a portion
of
the interest on those loans being deferred and added to the principal
outstanding. As a result, we could receive less interest distributions on
adjustable-rate investment securities, particularly those with an initial teaser
rate, than we need to pay interest on our related borrowings. These factors
could lower our net interest income, cause us to suffer a net loss or cause
us
to incur additional borrowings to fund interest payments during periods of
rising interest rates or cause us to sell our investments at a
loss.
Continued
adverse developments in the residential mortgage market may adversely affect
the
value of the mortgage-related securities in which we invest and our ability
to
finance or sell any securities that we acquire.
The
residential mortgage market in the United States has experienced a variety
of
difficulties and changes in economic conditions over the past year, including
recent defaults, credit losses and liquidity concerns. Securities backed by
residential mortgage loans originated in 2006 and 2007 have had a higher and
earlier than expected rate of delinquencies, and many MBS have been downgraded
by Standard & Poors, Inc. or Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., which we refer
to as the Rating Agencies, since the 2007 second quarter. In addition, during
March 2008, news of potential security liquidations increased the volatility
of
many financial assets, including Agency MBS and other high-quality MBS assets,
and lead to the imposition of additional and more stringent equity requirements
by lenders in the industry. As a result, values for MBS assets, including some
of our Agency MBS and other AAA-rated non-Agency MBS, were negatively impacted.
Because of these factors, the market for these securities may be adversely
affected for a significant period of time. Further increased volatility and
deterioration in the broader residential mortgage and MBS markets may adversely
affect the performance and market value of the investment securities in our
portfolio.
Fannie
Mae or Freddie Mac guarantee the payments on the Agency MBS we purchase even
if
the borrowers of the underlying mortgages default on their payments. However,
rising delinquencies, potential security liquidations or liquidity concerns
could negatively affect the value of our investment securities, including Agency
MBS, or create market uncertainty about their true value. Agency MBS guaranteed
by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are not supported by the full faith and credit
of
the United States. In the event the market disruptions accelerate, Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac could default on their guarantee obligations which would
materially and adversely affect the value of any Agency MBS in our
portfolio.
We
use
our investment securities as collateral for our financings. Any decline in
their
value, or perceived market uncertainty about their value, would likely make
it
more difficult for us to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, or
maintain our compliance with the terms of any financing arrangements already
in
place. At the same time, market uncertainty about residential mortgages in
general could depress the market for mortgage-related securities, including
Agency MBS, making it more difficult for us to sell any securities we own on
favorable terms, or at all. If market conditions result in a decline in
available purchasers, or the value, of any of the securities we hold in or
acquire for our portfolio, our financial position and results of operations
could be adversely affected.
Competition
may prevent us from acquiring mortgage-related assets at favorable yields and
that would negatively impact our profitability.
Our
net
income largely depends on our ability to acquire mortgage-related assets at
favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring mortgage-related
assets, we compete with other REITs, investment banking firms, savings and
loan
associations, banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, other lenders and other
entities that purchase mortgage-related assets, many of which have greater
financial resources than us. As a result, we may not in the future be able
to
acquire sufficient mortgage-related assets at favorable spreads over our
borrowing costs which would adversely affect our profitability.
Because
assets we hold in our portfolio or acquire may experience periods of
illiquidity, we may lose profits or be prevented from earning capital gains
if
we cannot sell the investment securities in our portfolio at an opportune
time.
We
bear
the risk of being unable to dispose of the investment securities held in our
portfolio at advantageous times or in a timely manner because these
mortgage-related assets generally experience periods of illiquidity. The lack
of
liquidity may result from the absence of a willing buyer or an established
market for these assets, as well as legal or contractual restrictions on resale.
As a result, the illiquidity of mortgage-related assets may cause us to lose
profits and the ability to earn capital gains.
We
currently leverage our equity, which will exacerbate any losses we incur on
our
current and future investments and may reduce cash available for distribution
to
our stockholders.
We
currently leverage our equity through borrowings, generally through the use
of
repurchase agreements and CDOs, which are obligations issued in multiple classes
secured by an underlying portfolio of securities, and we may, in the future,
utilize bank credit facilities and other forms of borrowing. The amount of
leverage we incur varies depending on our ability to obtain credit facilities
and our lenders’ estimates of the value of our portfolio’s cash flow. The return
on our investments and cash available for distribution to our stockholders
may
be reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause the cost of
our
financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from the assets
we hold in our investment portfolio. Further, the leverage on our equity may
exacerbate any losses we incur.
Our
debt
service payments will reduce the net income available for distributions to
our
stockholders. We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations and,
to
the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to
sale
to satisfy our debt obligations. A decrease in the value of the assets may
lead
to margin calls under our repurchase agreements which we will have to satisfy.
Significant decreases in asset valuation, such as occurred during the market
disruption of March 2008, could lead to increased margin calls, and we may
not
have the funds available to satisfy any such margin calls. We have a target
overall leverage amount for our MBS investment portfolio of eight to 12 times
our equity, but there is no established limitation, other than may be required
by our financing arrangements, on our leverage ratio or on the aggregate amount
of our borrowings.
If
we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate,
the
returns on our portfolio could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate
our
ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
If
we are
limited in our ability to leverage our assets, the returns on our portfolio
may
be harmed. A key element of our strategy is our use of leverage to increase
the
size of our MBS portfolio in an attempt to enhance our returns. To finance
our
MBS investment portfolio, we generally seek to borrow between eight and 12
times
the amount of our equity; however, given the current disruptions in the credit
markets, we have lowered our target leverage to seven to 10 times the amount
of
our equity. At March 31, 2008, our leverage ratio for our MBS investment
portfolio, which we define as our outstanding indebtedness under repurchase
agreements divided by the sum of total stockholders’ equity plus convertible
preferred debentures, was 7:1. This definition of the leverage ratio is
consistent with the manner in which the credit providers under our repurchase
agreements calculate our leverage. As of March 31, 2008, the Company also has
$45 million of subordinated trust preferred securities outstanding and $386.5
million of collateralized debt obligations outstanding both of which are not
dependent on market values of pledged securities or changing credit conditions
by our lenders. Our repurchase agreements are not currently committed
facilities, meaning that the counterparties to these agreements may at any
time
choose to restrict or eliminate our future access to the facilities and we
have
no other committed credit facilities through which we may leverage our equity.
If we are unable to leverage our equity to the extent we currently anticipate,
the returns on our portfolio could be diminished, which may limit or eliminate
our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Our
loan delinquencies may increase as a result of significantly increased monthly
payments required from ARM borrowers after the initial fixed
period.
The
scheduled increase in monthly payments on adjustable rate mortgage loans may
result in higher delinquency rates on mortgage loans and could have a material
adverse affect on our net income and results of operations. This increase in
borrowers' monthly payments, together with any increase in prevailing market
interest rates, may result in significantly increased monthly payments for
borrowers with adjustable rate mortgage loans. Borrowers seeking to avoid these
increased monthly payments by refinancing their mortgage loans may no longer
be
able to fund available replacement loans at comparably low interest rates.
A
decline in housing prices may also leave borrowers with insufficient equity
in
their homes to permit them to refinance their loans or sell their homes. In
addition, these mortgage loans may have prepayment premiums that inhibit
refinancing.
We
may be required to repurchase loans if we breached representations and
warranties from loan sale transactions, which could harm our profitability
and
financial condition.
Loans
from our discontinued mortgage lending operations that were sold to third
parties under agreements include numerous representations and
warranties regarding the manner in which the loan was
originated, the property securing the loan and the borrower. If these
representations or warranties are found to have been breached, we may be
required to repurchase such loan. We may be forced to resell these repurchased
loans at a loss, which could harm our profitability and financial
condition.
Our
alternative mortgage-related investment strategy to be managed by JMPAM may
be
subject to losses.
Upon
commencement of our alternative mortgage-related investment strategy, we intend
to invest capital from the Managed Subsidiaries by acquiring equity interests
in
unaffiliated third party entities, or Funds, that acquire or manage a portfolio
of non-Agency MBS, some or all of which may be classified as non-investment
grade. Pursuant to the advisory agreement between JMPAM and us, JMPAM will
manage this alternative mortgage-related investment strategy. Non-Agency MBS
are
generally subject to a higher risk of default than Agency or investment grade
MBS. In addition, non-Agency MBS have been more susceptible to downgrades from
the Ratings Agencies due to a number of factors, including greater than expected
delinquencies, defaults or credit losses, any of which may reduce the market
value of such securities. As a result, we may invest in Funds that overestimate
the potential credit worthiness of the mortgage loans underlying the non-Agency
MBS they manage or seek to invest in. Greater than expected delinquencies,
defaults or credit losses on such securities may result in substantial losses
to
and possible liquidation of the Funds that manage and invest in such securities.
Because we intend our alternative mortgage-related investments to take the
form
of an equity investment in these Funds, in the event one or more of these Funds
becomes distressed, thereby resulting in a liquidation of such Fund’s assets,
holders of debt and senior preferred securities and lenders with respect to
other borrowings of such Fund will receive a distribution of the Fund’s
available assets prior to us. If one or more of the Funds in which we invest
incur significant losses, we may lose some or all of our investment in these
Funds and this could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial
condition and ability to make distributions to our
stockholders.
We
are dependent on certain key personnel.
We
are
dependent upon the efforts of James J. Fowler, the Chairman of our board of
directors. In addition, we are dependent upon the services of David A. Akre,
our
Vice Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer, and Steven R. Mumma, our Co-Chief
Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer. The loss of any of
these individuals or their services could have an adverse effect on our
operations.
Risk
Related to Our Debt Financing
We
may incur increased borrowing costs related to repurchase agreements and that
would harm our profitability.
Currently,
a significant portion of our borrowings are collateralized borrowings in the
form of repurchase agreements. If the interest rates on these agreements
increase, our profitability would be harmed.
Our
borrowing costs under repurchase agreements generally correspond to short-term
interest rates such as the London Inter Bank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, or a
short-term Treasury index, plus or minus a margin. The margins on these
borrowings over or under short-term interest rates may vary depending
upon:
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· |
the
movement of interest rates;
|
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· |
the
availability of financing in the market;
and
|
|
· |
the
value and liquidity of our mortgage-related
assets.
|
If
we are unable to renew our borrowings at favorable rates, it may force us to
sell assets and our profitability may be adversely
affected.
Since
we
rely primarily on borrowings under repurchase agreements to finance our
mortgage-backed securities, our ability to achieve our investment objectives
depends on our ability to borrow money in sufficient amounts and on favorable
terms and on our ability to renew or replace maturing borrowings on a continuous
basis. In response to the recent mortgage securities market disruption,
investors and financial institutions that lend in the mortgage securities
repurchase market, including the lenders under our repurchase agreements, have
further tightened lending standards in an effort to reduce the leverage of
their
borrowers. While the haircut required by our lenders increased in 2007,
primarily on non-Agency MBS, during March 2008, we experienced further increases
in the amount of haircut required to obtain financing for both our Agency MBS
and non-Agency MBS. Our ability to enter into repurchase agreements in the
future will depend on the market value of our mortgage-backed securities pledged
to secure the specific borrowings, the availability of adequate financing and
other conditions existing in the lending market at that time. If we are not
able
to renew or replace maturing borrowings on favorable terms, we would be forced
to sell some of our assets under possibly adverse market conditions, which
may
adversely affect our profitability.
Possible
market developments could reduce the amount of liquidity available to us and
could cause our lenders to require us to pledge additional assets as collateral.
If we are unable to obtain sufficient short-term financing or our assets are
insufficient to meet the collateral requirements, then we may be compelled
to
liquidate particular assets at an inopportune time.
Possible
market developments, including a sharp rise in interest rates, a change in
prepayment rates or increasing market concern about the value or liquidity
of
one or more types of mortgage-related assets in which our portfolio is
concentrated may reduce the market value of our portfolio, which may reduce
the
amount of liquidity available to us or may cause our lenders to require
additional collateral. For example, in March 2008, news of potential security
liquidations by certain of our competitors negatively impacted the market value
of certain of the investment securities in our portfolio. In connection with
this market disruption and the anticipated increase in collateral requirements
by our lenders as a result of such decrease in the market value of such
securities, we elected to increase our liquidity by reducing our leverage
through the sale of an aggregate of approximately $592.8 million of Agency
MBS,
which resulted in an aggregate loss of approximately $15.0 million. If we are
unable to obtain sufficient short-term financing or our lenders start to require
additional collateral, we may be compelled to liquidate our assets at a
disadvantageous time, similar to our sales in March 2008, thus harming our
operating results, net profitability and ability to make distributions to
you.
Adverse
developments involving major financial institutions or involving one of our
lenders could result in a rapid reduction in our ability to borrow and adversely
affect our business and profitability.
The
recent turmoil in the financial markets as it relates to the solvency of major
financial institutions has raised concerns that a material adverse development
involving one or more major financial institutions could result in our lenders
reducing our access to funds available under our repurchase agreements. Because
all of our repurchase agreements are uncommitted, such a disruption could cause
our lenders to determine to reduce or terminate our access to future borrowings,
which could adversely affect our business and profitability.
If
a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to
resell the underlying security back to us at the end of the transaction term
or
if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we would incur
losses.
When
we
engage in repurchase transactions, we generally sell securities to lenders
(i.e., repurchase agreement counterparties) and receive cash from the lenders.
The lenders are obligated to resell the same securities back to us at the end
of
the term of the transaction. Because the cash we receive from the lender when
we
initially sell the securities to the lender is less than the value of those
securities (this difference is referred to as the “haircut”), if the lender
defaults on its obligation to resell the same securities back to us we would
incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of the haircut (assuming
there was no change in the value of the securities). Further, if we default
on
one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the lender can terminate
the transaction and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with
us. Our repurchase agreements contain cross-default provisions, so that if
a
default occurs under any one agreement, the lenders under our other agreements
could also declare a default. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions
could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash available for distribution
to our stockholders.
Our
use of repurchase agreements to borrow funds may give our lenders greater rights
in the event that either we or a lender files for
bankruptcy.
Our
borrowings under repurchase agreements may qualify for special treatment under
the bankruptcy code, giving our lenders the ability to avoid the automatic
stay
provisions of the bankruptcy code and to take possession of and liquidate our
collateral under the repurchase agreements without delay in the event that
we
file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the special treatment of repurchase agreements
under the bankruptcy code may make it difficult for us to recover our pledged
assets in the event that a lender files for bankruptcy. Thus, the use of
repurchase agreements exposes our pledged assets to risk in the event of a
bankruptcy filing by either a lender or us.
Our
liquidity may be adversely affected by margin calls under our repurchase
agreements because they are dependent in part on the lenders' valuation of
the
collateral securing the financing.
Each
of
these repurchase agreements allows the lender, to varying degrees, to revalue
the collateral to values that the lender considers to reflect market value.
If a
lender determines that the value of the collateral has decreased, it may
initiate a margin call requiring us to post additional collateral to cover
the
decrease. When we are subject to such a margin call, we must provide the lender
with additional collateral or repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings
with
minimal notice. Any such margin call could harm our liquidity, results of
operation and financial condition. Additionally, in order to obtain cash to
satisfy a margin call, we may be required to liquidate assets at a
disadvantageous time, which could cause us to incur further losses and adversely
affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our
hedging transactions may limit our gains or result in
losses.
We
use
derivatives, primarily interest rate swaps and caps, to hedge our liabilities
and this has certain risks, including the risk that losses on a hedging
transaction will reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our
stockholders and that such losses may exceed the amount invested in such
instruments. To the extent consistent with maintaining our status as a REIT,
we
may use derivatives, including interest rate swaps and caps, options, term
repurchase contracts, forward contracts and futures contracts, in our risk
management strategy to limit the effects of changes in interest rates on our
operations. However, a hedge may not be effective in eliminating the risks
inherent in any particular position. Our profitability may be adversely affected
during any period as a result of the use of derivatives in a hedging
transaction.
Our
use of hedging strategies to mitigate our interest rate exposure may not be
effective and may expose us to counterparty risks.
In
accordance with our operating policies, we may pursue various types of hedging
strategies, including swaps, caps and other derivative transactions, to seek
to
mitigate or reduce our exposure to losses from adverse changes in interest
rates. Our hedging activity will vary in scope based on the level and volatility
of interest rates, the type of assets held and financing sources used and other
changing market conditions. No hedging strategy, however, can completely
insulate us from the interest rate risks to which we are exposed or that the
implementation of any hedging strategy would have the desired impact on our
results of operations or financial condition. Certain of the U.S. federal income
tax requirements that we must satisfy in order to qualify as a REIT may limit
our ability to hedge against such risks. We will not enter into derivative
transactions if we believe that they will jeopardize our qualification as a
REIT.
Interest
rate hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among
other things:
|
· |
interest
rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising
and
volatile interest rates;
|
|
· |
available
interest rate hedges may not correspond directly with the interest
rate
risk for which protection is
sought;
|
|
· |
the
duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related
liability;
|
|
· |
the
amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions (other
than through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs) to offset interest
rate
losses is limited by U.S. federal tax provisions governing
REITs;
|
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the
credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded
to
such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our
side of
the hedging transaction; and
|
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· |
the
party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation
to pay.
|
We
primarily use swaps to hedge against anticipated future increases in interest
rates on our repurchase agreements. Should a swap counterparty be unable to
make
required payments pursuant to such swap, the hedged liability would cease to
be
hedged for the remaining term of the swap. In addition, we may be at risk for
any collateral held by a hedging counterparty to a swap, should such
counterparty become insolvent or file for bankruptcy. Our hedging transactions,
which are intended to limit losses, may actually adversely affect our earnings,
which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our
stockholders.
Hedging
instruments involve risk since they often are not traded on regulated exchanges,
guaranteed by an exchange or its clearing house, or regulated by any U.S. or
foreign governmental authorities. Consequently, there are no requirements with
respect to record keeping, financial responsibility or segregation of customer
funds and positions. Furthermore, the enforceability of hedging instruments
may
depend on compliance with applicable statutory and commodity and other
regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty,
applicable international requirements. The business failure of a hedging
counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely
result in its default. Default by a party with whom we enter into a hedging
transaction may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover
our commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally
we
will seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, it may not
always be possible to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the
consent of the hedging counterparty and we may not be able to enter into an
offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. We cannot assure you that a
liquid secondary market will exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold,
and we may be required to maintain a position until exercise or expiration,
which could result in losses.
Since
we invest in Agency MBS that are guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,
we
are subject to the risk that these U.S. Government-sponsored entities may not
be
able to fully satisfy their guarantee obligations, which may adversely affect
the value of our investment portfolio and our ability to sell or finance these
securities.
The
payments we receive on the Agency MBS in which we invest are guaranteed by
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. Unlike the securities issued by Ginnie Mae, the
principal and interest on securities issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are
not guaranteed by the U.S. Government. The recent economic challenges in the
residential mortgage market have affected the financial results of Fannie Mae
and Freddie Mac. For the year ended December 31, 2007, both Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac reported substantial losses and have reported significant
difficulties stemming from current market disruptions. Fannie Mae recently
stated that it expects losses on guarantees of agency securities to continue
and
expects significant increases in credit-related expenses and credit losses
through 2008. Freddie Mac has warned that it may not have enough capital to
cover its mandatory reserves for mortgage commitments. If Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac continue to suffer significant losses, their ability to honor their
respective Agency securities guarantees may be adversely affected. Further,
any
actual or perceived financial challenges at either Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac
could cause rating agencies to downgrade the corporate credit ratings of Fannie
Mae or Freddie Mac. Moody’s Investor Services, or Moody’s, Bank Financial
Strength Rating, or BFSR, measures the likelihood that a financial institution
will require financial assistance. On January 9, 2008, Moody’s placed
Freddie Mac’s A- BFSR on review for possible downgrade and on February 28,
2008, Moody’s placed Fannie Mae’s B+ BFSR on review for possible downgrade. Any
failure to honor guarantees on agency securities by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac
or
any downgrade of securities issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac by the Rating
Agencies could cause a significant decline in the cash flow from, and the value
of, any Agency MBS we may own, and we may then be unable to sell or finance
Agency MBS on favorable terms or at all.
New
laws may be passed affecting the relationship between Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac, on the one hand, and the U.S. Government, on the other, which could
adversely affect the price of agency securities.
Legislation
has been and may be proposed to change the relationship between Fannie Mae
and
Freddie Mac, on the one hand, and the U.S. Government, on the other hand, or
that requires Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to reduce the amount of mortgages
they
own or limit the amount of guarantees they provide on agency
securities.
If
any
such legislation is enacted into law, it may lead to market uncertainty and
the
actual or perceived impairment in the credit quality of securities issued by
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. This may increase the risk of loss on investments
in
Fannie Mae- and/or Freddie Mac-issued securities. Any legislation requiring
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac to reduce the amount of mortgages they own or for
which they guarantee payments on agency securities could adversely affect the
availability and pricing of agency securities and therefore, adversely affect
the value of our portfolio and our profitability.
Our
directors have approved broad investment guidelines for us and the Managed
Subsidiaries and do not approve each investment we
make.
Our
board
of directors has given us substantial discretion to invest in accordance with
our broad investment guidelines. Our board of directors periodically reviews
our
investment guidelines and our portfolio. However, our board of directors does
not review each proposed investment. Similarly, the broad investment guidelines
of the Managed Subsidiaries provide JPMAM with great latitude in determining
the
types of assets it will invest in on behalf of the Managed Subsidiaries and
our
board of directors will not review each proposed investment. In addition, in
conducting periodic reviews, our directors rely primarily on information
provided to them by our executive officers. Furthermore, transactions entered
into by us may be difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are
reviewed by our directors. We have substantial discretion within our broad
investment guidelines in determining the types of assets we may decide are
proper investments for us.
We
may change our investment strategy, operating policies and/or asset allocations
without stockholder consent.
We
may
change our investment strategy, operating policies and/or asset allocation
with
respect to investments, acquisitions, leverage, growth, operations,
indebtedness, capitalization and distributions at any time without the consent
of our stockholders. A change in our investment strategy may increase our
exposure to interest rate and/or credit risk, default risk and real estate
market fluctuations. Furthermore, a change in our asset allocation could result
in our making investments in asset categories different from our historical
investments. These changes could adversely affect our financial condition,
results of operations, the market price of our common stock or our ability
to
pay dividends or distributions.
Risks
Related to the Advisory Agreement with JMPAM
We
are dependent on JMPAM and certain of its key personnel and may not find a
suitable replacement if JMPAM terminates the advisory agreement or such key
personnel are no longer available to us.
Pursuant
to the advisory agreement, JMPAM advises the Managed Subsidiaries. JMPAM will
identify, evaluate, negotiate, structure, close and monitor investments of
the
Managed Subsidiaries, other than assets that we contributed to the Managed
Subsidiaries to facilitate compliance with our exclusion from regulation under
the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or Investment Company Act.
The
departure of any of the senior officers of JMPAM, or of a significant number
of
investment professionals or principals of JMPAM, could have a material adverse
effect on our ability to achieve our alternative mortgage-related investment
objectives. We are subject to the risk that JMPAM will terminate the advisory
agreement or that we may deem it necessary to terminate the advisory agreement
or prevent certain individuals from performing services for us, and that no
suitable replacement will be found to manage the Managed
Subsidiaries.
Pursuant
to the advisory agreement, JMPAM is entitled to receive an advisory fee payable
regardless of the performance of the assets of the Managed
Subsidiaries.
We
will
pay JMPAM substantial advisory fees, based on the Managed Subsidiaries’ equity
capital (as defined in the advisory agreement), regardless of the performance
of
the Managed Subsidiaries’ portfolio. In addition, pursuant to the advisory
agreement, we will pay JMPAM a base advisory fee even if they are not managing
any assets of the Managed Subsidiaries’ portfolio. As of March 31, 2008, none of
the assets held by the Managed Subsidiaries were being managed by JMPAM. JMPAM’s
entitlement to non-performance based compensation may reduce its incentive
to
devote the time and effort of its professionals to seeking profitable
opportunities for the Managed Subsidiaries’ portfolio, which could result in a
lower performance of their portfolio and negatively affect our ability to pay
distributions to our stockholders or to achieve capital
appreciation.
Pursuant
to the advisory agreement, JMPAM is entitled to receive an incentive fee, which
may induce it to make certain investments, including speculative or high risk
investments.
In
addition to its advisory fee, JMPAM is entitled to receive incentive
compensation based, in part, upon the Managed Subsidiaries’ achievement of
targeted levels of net income. In evaluating investments and other management
strategies, the opportunity to earn incentive compensation based on net income
may lead JMPAM to place undue emphasis on the maximization of net income at
the
expense of other criteria, such as preservation of capital, maintaining
liquidity and/or management of credit risk or market risk, in order to achieve
higher incentive compensation. Investments with higher yield potential are
generally riskier or more speculative. In addition, JMPAM has broad discretion
regarding the types of investments it will make pursuant to the advisory
agreement. This could result in increased risk to the value of the Managed
Subsidiaries’ investment portfolio.
We
compete with JMPAM’s other clients for access to
JMPAM.
JMPAM
has
sponsored and/or currently manages other pools of capital and investment
vehicles with an investment focus that overlaps with the Managed Subsidiaries’
investment focus, and is expected to continue to do so in the future.
Furthermore, JMPAM is not restricted in any way from sponsoring or accepting
capital from new clients or vehicles, even for investing in asset classes or
investment strategies that are similar to, or overlapping with, the Managed
Subsidiaries’ asset classes or investment strategies. Therefore, the Managed
Subsidiaries compete for access to the benefits that their relationship with
JMPAM provides them. For the same reasons, the personnel of JMPAM may be unable
to dedicate a substantial portion of their time managing the Managed
Subsidiaries’ investments if JMPAM manages any future investment
vehicles.
There
are conflicts of interest in our relationship with JMPAM, which could result
in
decisions that are not in the best interests of our
stockholders.
The
Managed Subsidiaries may have investments in securities in which JMPAM has
an
interest. Similarly, JMPAM may invest in securities in which the Managed
Subsidiaries have or may have an interest. Although such investments may present
conflicts of interest, we nonetheless may pursue and consummate such
transactions. Additionally, the Managed Subsidiaries may engage in transactions
directly with JMPAM, including the purchase and sale of all or a portion of
a
portfolio investment.
JMPAM
may
from time to time simultaneously seek to purchase investments for the Managed
Subsidiaries and other entities with similar investment objectives for which
it
serves as a manager, or for its clients or affiliates and has no duty to
allocate such investment opportunities in a manner that favors the Managed
Subsidiaries. Additionally, such investments for entities with similar
investment objectives may be different from those made on the Managed
Subsidiaries’ behalf. JMPAM may have economic interests in or other
relationships with others in whose obligations or securities the Managed
Subsidiaries may invest. Each of such ownership and other relationships may
result in securities laws restrictions on transactions in such securities and
otherwise create conflicts of interest. In such instances, JMPAM may in its
discretion make investment recommendations and decisions that may be the same
as
or different from those made with respect to the Managed Subsidiaries’
investments and may take actions (or omit to take actions) in the context of
these other economic interests or relationships the consequences of which may
be
adverse to the Managed Subsidiaries’ interests.
Although
the officers and employees of JMPAM devote as much time to the Managed
Subsidiaries as JMPAM deems appropriate, the officers and employees may have
conflicts in allocating their time and services among the Managed Subsidiaries
and JMPAM’s and its affiliates' other accounts. In addition, JMPAM and its
affiliates, in connection with their other business activities, may acquire
material non-public confidential information that may restrict JMPAM from
purchasing securities or selling securities for itself or its clients (including
the Managed Subsidiaries) or otherwise using such information for the benefit
of
its clients or itself.
JMPAM
and
JMP Group, Inc. beneficially owned approximately 16.8% and 12.2%, respectively,
of our outstanding common stock as of May 1, 2008. JMPAM is an investment
adviser that manages investments and trading accounts of other persons,
including certain accounts affiliated with JMP Group, Inc., and is deemed the
beneficial owner of shares of our common stock held by these accounts. James
J.
Fowler, the non-executive chairman of our board of directors and also the
non-compensated chief investment officer of the Managed Subsidiaries, is a
managing director of JMPAM and the president of JMP Realty Trust, Inc., a
private REIT that is externally managed by JMPAM and which is one of the
investors in our Series A Preferred Stock. JMPAM and JMP Realty Trust, Inc.
are
affiliates of JMP Group, Inc. As a result of the combined voting power of JMPAM
and JMP Group, Inc., these stockholders exert significant influence over matters
submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of directors and
approval of a change in control or business combination of our company.
This
concentration of ownership may result in decisions affecting us that are not
in
the best interests of all our stockholders. In addition, Mr. Fowler may have
a
conflict of interest in situations where the best interests of our company
and
stockholders do not align with the interests of JMPAM, JMP Group, Inc. or its
affiliates, which may result in decisions that are not in the best interests
of
all our stockholders.
Termination
of the advisory agreement may be difficult and
costly.
Termination
of the advisory agreement without cause is subject to several conditions which
may make such a termination difficult and costly. The advisory agreement
provides that it may only be terminated without cause following the initial
three year period upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our
independent directors, based either upon unsatisfactory performance by JMPAM
that is materially detrimental to us or upon a determination that the management
fee payable to JMPAM is not fair, subject to JMPAM’s right to prevent such a
termination by accepting a mutually acceptable reduction of management fees.
JMPAM will be paid a termination fee equal to the amount of two times the sum
of
the average annual base advisory fee and the average annual incentive
compensation earned by it during the 24-month period immediately preceding
the
date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed
fiscal quarter prior to the date of termination. These provisions may increase
the effective cost to us of terminating the advisory agreement, thereby
adversely affecting our ability to terminate JMPAM without cause.
Risks
Related to an Investment in Our Series A Preferred Stock
An
active trading market for the Series A Preferred Stock may not develop, and
you may be unable to resell your shares of Series A Preferred Stock at or
above the purchase price.
The
shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued in a private placement
transaction pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act and are not
listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market or any other market. Although we have agreed
to use our commercially reasonable best efforts to cause the Series A Preferred
Stock to be listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, our efforts to list these
securities may not be successful and there can be no assurance that the
Series A Preferred Stock will be listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market or any
other exchange or that a market for the Series A Preferred Stock will
develop. Furthermore, even if the Series A Preferred Stock is accepted for
listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market or another securities exchange, an active
trading market may not develop and the market price of the Series A
Preferred Stock may be volatile. As a result, you may be unable to sell your
shares of Series A Preferred Stock at a price equal to or greater than that
which you paid, if at all.
Conversion
of the Series A Preferred Stock will dilute the ownership interests of our
existing common stockholders.
The
conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock will dilute the ownership
interests of our existing common stockholders. Any sales in the public market
of
the shares of common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect
prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of
the
Series A Preferred Stock may encourage short selling by market participants
because the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock could depress the
price of our common stock.
We
may not be able to pay the redemption price of our Series A Preferred Stock
on the redemption date.
We
have
an obligation to redeem any remaining outstanding shares of our Series A
Preferred Stock on or about December 31, 2010, at a redemption price equal
to
100% of the $20.00 per share liquidation preference, plus all accrued and unpaid
dividends. We may be unable to finance the redemption on favorable terms, or
at
all. Consequently, we may not have sufficient cash to purchase the shares of
our
Series A Preferred Stock.
We
may not issue preferred stock that is senior to the Series A Preferred Stock
without the consent of the holders of 66 2/3% of the shares of Series A
Preferred Stock, which limits the flexibility of our capital
structure.
As
long
as the Series A Preferred Stock is outstanding, we may not issue preferred
stock that is senior to the Series A Preferred Stock with respect to
dividend or liquidation rights without the consent of the holders of 66 2/3%
of
the shares of Series A Preferred Stock. This limitation restricts the
flexibility of our capital structure and may prevent us from issuing equity
that
would otherwise be in the best interests of our company and common
stockholders.
The
market price of common stock you receive upon conversion may be less than the
effective price paid for the shares of Series A Preferred
Stock.
The
market value of shares of our common stock received by you on the conversion
of
your shares of our Series A Preferred Stock may be less than the effective
conversion price on your shares of Series A Preferred Stock. A holder of
our Series A Preferred Stock has the right, at its option, to convert all or
any
portion of its outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock into the number
of
fully paid and non-assessable shares of our common stock at a conversion rate
of
one share of common stock per $8.00 liquidation preference, which we refer
to as
the conversion price, and represents a conversion rate of two and one-half
(2 ½)
shares of common stock for each share of Series A Preferred Stock. In addition,
upon satisfaction of certain conditions, including that the Series A Preferred
Stock represent less than 10% of our outstanding shares of common stock on
a
fully diluted basis, we have the right to convert the Series A Preferred Stock
into shares of our common stock. As of June 12, 2008, the market price of our
common stock was less than the $8.00 per share conversion price of our Series
A
Preferred Stock. If the market value of our common stock is less than the
conversion price of those shares at the time of conversion, the value of the
shares of our common stock issued to you will be less than the redemption value
of your shares of Series A Preferred Stock. During the time when the
Series A Preferred Stock is subject to conversion, we expect that the
trading prices for the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock in the
secondary market will be directly affected by the trading prices of our common
stock, the general level of interest rates and our credit quality. The market
price of our common stock has been volatile in the past and may be so in the
future, which could adversely affect the value of the Series A Preferred
Stock. Accordingly, you assume the risk that the market value of the common
stock may be less than the conversion price of the Series A Preferred
Stock, may decline further, and that any such decline could be
substantial.
The
shares of our Series A Preferred Stock will rank junior to all of our
liabilities in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up of our
assets.
In
the
event of bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up, our assets will be available
to
pay obligations on the Series A Preferred Stock only after all of our
liabilities have been paid and the liquidation preference, if any, of any future
senior preferred stock issued by us has been paid and only on a pari passu
basis
with any parity preferred stock we may issue hereafter.
You
may not receive common stock upon the conversion of the Series A Preferred
Stock to the extent the receipt of such common stock would cause a violation
of
our ownership limitations.
In
order
for us to qualify as a REIT for each taxable year, no more than 50% in value
of
our outstanding capital stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five
or
fewer individuals during the last half of any calendar year. Individuals for
this purpose include natural persons, private foundations, some employee benefit
plans and trusts, and some charitable trusts. In order to preserve our REIT
qualification, our charter and certain board resolutions generally prohibit
any
person from directly or indirectly owning more than 9.9% in value or in number
of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of any class or series of the
outstanding shares of our capital stock.
The
Series A Preferred Stock and our common stock received upon conversion of
the Series A Preferred Stock are subject to these ownership limitations. If
the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock would result in a holder
(other than a holder with an exemption from the ownership limitation with
respect to our common stock) owning, directly or indirectly, in excess of 9.9%
in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our common
stock, any common stock that would have been received upon conversion in excess
of that threshold would automatically be transferred to a trust for the
exclusive benefit of a charitable beneficiary (as defined in our charter) and
the holder would lose his or her rights to such common stock.
The
value of shares of our Series A Preferred Stock may be adversely affected
by modifications to our capital structure for which the conversion rate will
not
be adjusted.
The
number of shares of common stock that you are entitled to receive upon
conversion is subject to adjustment for certain events arising from stock splits
and combinations, stock dividends and certain other actions by us that modify
our capital structure. However, we may undergo an event which would not adjust
the conversion rate. As a result, an event that adversely affects the value
of
the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, but does not result in an
adjustment to the conversion rate, could occur. Further, we are not restricted
from issuing additional shares of our common stock or junior series of preferred
stock while our Series A Preferred Stock is outstanding and have no
obligation to consider your interests for any reason. If we issue additional
shares of common stock or junior series of preferred stock, it may materially
and adversely affect the price of our common stock and the trading price of
the
shares of our Series A Preferred Stock. For example, we could issue a
junior series of preferred stock without the consent of the holders of the
Series A Preferred Stock that would ultimately be senior to the interests
of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock following the conversion of
the Series A Preferred Stock into shares of common stock.
We
may not be able to pay cash dividends on our Series A Preferred
Stock.
In
the
event that any of our financing agreements in the future restrict our ability
to
pay cash dividends on shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, we will be
unable to pay cash dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock unless we can
refinance amounts outstanding under those agreements. Although the dividends
on
our Series A Preferred Stock would continue to accrue, we may pay dividends
on shares of our Series A Preferred Stock only if we have legally available
funds for such payment.
Risks
Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock
Our
common stock has historically been sporadically and “thinly traded,” which may
adversely impact the liquidity of our shares and reduce the value of an
investment in our stock.
Our
common stock has historically been sporadically or “thinly traded” (meaning that
the number of persons interested in purchasing our shares at or near ask prices
at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent) and no assurances
can
be given that a broader or more active public trading market for our common
stock will develop or be sustained in the future or that current trading levels
will be sustained. A substantial sale, or series of sales, of our common stock
could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.
You may be unable to sell at or near ask prices or at all if you desire to
liquidate your shares. This situation is attributable to a number of factors,
including, among other things, the fact that we are a small company which is
relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors
and
others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume.
As a
consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity
in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer
which
has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support
continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price.
The
market price and trading volume of our common stock may be
volatile.
The
market price of our common stock is highly volatile and subject to wide
fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate
and cause significant price variations to occur. Some of the factors that could
result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock
include, among other things: actual or anticipated changes in our current or
future financial performance; changes in market interest rates and general
market and economic conditions. We cannot assure you that the market price
of
our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly.
We
have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our common
stockholders and there are no assurances of our ability to pay dividends to
them
in the future.
We
intend
to pay quarterly dividends and to make distributions to our common stockholders
in amounts such that all or substantially all of our taxable income in each
year, subject to certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other
factors, should enable us to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT
under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or Internal Revenue Code.
We have not established a minimum dividend payment level for our common
stockholders and our ability to pay dividends may be harmed by the risk factors
described herein. From July 2007 until April 2008, our board of directors
elected to suspend the payment of quarterly dividends on our common stock.
Our
board of directors' decision reflected our focus on the elimination of
operating losses through the sale of our mortgage lending business and the
conservation of capital to build future earnings from our portfolio
management operations. All distributions to our common stockholders will be
made
at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings,
our
financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and such other factors
as
our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. There are no
assurances of our ability to pay dividends in the future.
Upon
conversion of our Series A Preferred Stock, we will be required to issue shares
of common stock to holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, which will dilute
the holders of our outstanding common stock. Our
outstanding Series A Preferred Stock is senior to our common stock for purposes
of dividend and liquidation distributions and has voting rights equal to those
of our common stock.
The
Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of our common stock based
on
a conversion price of $8.00 per share of common stock, which represents a
conversion rate of two and one-half (2½) shares of common stock for every share
of Series A Preferred Stock. Upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock,
we
will issue common stock to the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, which
will dilute the holders of our outstanding common stock. Our outstanding Series
A Preferred Stock is senior to our common stock for purposes of dividend and
liquidation distributions and has the right to vote, on an “as-converted” basis,
on all matters that common stockholders are entitled to vote on. As such, one
share of Series A Preferred Stock is entitled to two and one-half votes based
on
the current conversion rate for the Series A Preferred Stock. In the event
we
are unable to fully fund the payment of dividends on our capital stock or elect
to liquidate our company, holders of our Series A Preferred Stock have dividend
and liquidating distribution preferences over holders of our common stock,
which
may negatively affect your ability to receive dividends or liquidating
distributions on your shares of common stock.
As
of May 1, 2008, all of the outstanding shares of our Series A Preferred Stock
was owned by JMP Group, Inc. and certain of its affiliates and represented
approximately 21% of our outstanding capital stock, on a fully diluted basis.
As
a result, the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock have voting control over
us.
As
of May
1, 2008, all of the outstanding shares of our Series A Preferred Stock was
owned
by JMP Group, Inc. and certain of its affiliates and represented approximately
21% of our outstanding capital stock, on a fully diluted basis. Holders of
our
Series A Preferred Stock also have voting rights equal to the voting rights
attached to our common stock, except that each share of Series A Preferred
Stock
is entitled to a number of votes equal to the conversion rate. As a result,
the
holders of our Series A Preferred Stock have voting control over us, which
may
limit your ability to effect corporate change through the stockholder voting
process.
The
ownership of our common stock is concentrated among a small number of investors,
including JMPAM and certain of its affiliates.
The
ownership of our outstanding common stock is concentrated among a small number
of investors. As of May 1, 2008, four groups of investors each beneficially
owned in excess of 10.0% of our outstanding common stock and two other investor
groups owned 9.9% and 9.8%, respectively, of our outstanding common stock.
Of
these investor groups, JMPAM, the external advisor to the Managed Subsidiaries,
and JMP Group, Inc., an affiliate of JMPAM, each beneficially owned 16.8% and
12.2%, respectively, of our outstanding common stock. Because the ownership
of
our common stock is concentrated among a small number of investors, including
JMPAM and JMP Group, Inc., these stockholders may exert significant influence
over matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, including the election of
directors and approval of a change in control or business combination of our
company. This
concentration of ownership may result in decisions affecting us that are not
in
the best interests of all our stockholders.
Future
offerings of debt securities, which would rank senior to our Series A Preferred
Stock and common stock upon our liquidation, and future offerings of equity
securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior
to
our common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidating distributions,
may
adversely affect the market price of our common stock, which in turn could
adversely affect the market price of our Series A Preferred
Stock.
In
the
future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making offerings
of
debt or additional offerings of equity securities, including commercial paper,
medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes and classes of preferred stock
or common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and lenders
with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available
assets prior to the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock.
In
addition, upon liquidation, holders of shares of our preferred stock will
receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our
common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our
existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both,
which in turn could adversely affect the market price of our Series A Preferred
Stock. Moreover, Our Series A Preferred Stock has, and any future issuance
of
preferred stock by us may have, a preference on liquidating distributions and
on
dividend payments that could limit our ability to make a dividend distribution
to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities
in
any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond
our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of
our
future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock and our Series A Preferred
Stock bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our
common stock and diluting their stock holdings in us.
Future
sales of our common stock could have an adverse effect on our stock
price.
We
cannot
predict the effect, if any, of future sales of common stock, or the availability
of shares for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. For
example, upon conversion of our Series A Preferred Stock, we will be required
to
issue shares of our common stock to holders of our Series A Preferred Stock,
which will increase the number of shares available for sale and dilute existing
holders of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock,
or
the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing
market prices for our common stock.
Under
the registration rights agreement we entered into in connection with
our private placement of common stock in February 2008, we have paid, and
may be required to pay in the future, liquidated damages to the holders of
the
shares of common stock purchased in that private placement if we breach certain
provisions.
Under
the
registration rights agreement we entered in connection with our private
placement of common stock in February 2008, we will pay liquidated damages
if
any of the following events occur: (i) we fail to file a registration statement
covering all of the shares sold in that private placement before the filing
deadline; (ii) a registration statement covering all of the shares sold
in that private placement is not declared effective prior to the
effectiveness deadline; (iii) the registration statement is not continuously
kept effective, except during an allowable grace period; (iv) a grace period
exceeds the allowable grace period under the registration rights agreement;
(v)
the shares sold in that private placement may not be sold pursuant to Rule
144 under the Securities Act due to our failure to satisfy the adequate public
information condition of Rule 144(c) under the Securities Act; or (vi) we fail
to obtain NASDAQ Stock Market listing for our common stock on or before first
date the registration statement covering all of the shares sold in that
private placement is declared effective. The liquidated damages are payable
in
an amount equal to the product of one-thirtieth of (i) 0.5% multiplied by $8.00
for each day that such events shall occur and be continuing during the first
90
days of such non-compliance, and (ii) 1.0% multiplied by $8.00 for each day
after the 90th
day of
such non-compliance for each share sold in the February 2008 private placement
which is then held by the investors from that offering.
We
filed
a resale shelf registration statement registering for resale the 15.0 million
shares of common stock sold in our February 2008 private placement on April
4,
2008, approximately 23 days after the filing deadline, and paid liquidated
damages of approximately $0.2 million in the aggregate on May 2, 2008 to the
holders of these shares. The resale shelf registration statement was declared
effective by the SEC on April 18, 2008. In addition, because our common stock
was not approved for listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market until June 4, 2008,
we
incurred liquidated damages for the period from April 19, 2008 until June 4,
2008. Although we intend to request from these stockholders a waiver of the
damages for this breach, we cannot assure you that we will be successful
obtaining the waiver. In the event we fail any other condition above, we will
be
subject to the liquidated damages penalty, which, depending on the length of
the
breach, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and
results of operations.
Risks
Related to Our Company, Structure and Change in Control
Provisions
Our
Co-Chief Executive Officers have agreements that provide them with benefits
in
the event their employment is terminated following a change in
control.
We
have
entered into agreements with our Co-Chief Executive Officers, David A. Akre
and
Steven R. Mumma, that provide them with severance benefits if their employment
ends under specified circumstances following a change in control. These benefits
could increase the cost to a potential acquirer of us and thereby prevent or
discourage a change in control that might involve a premium price for your
shares or otherwise be in your best interest.
The
stock ownership limit imposed by our charter may inhibit market activity in
our
common stock and may restrict our business combination
opportunities.
In
order
for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code,
not more than 50% in value of the issued and outstanding shares of our capital
stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals
(as
defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) at any time
during the last half of each taxable year (other than our first year as a REIT).
Attribution rules in the Internal Revenue Code apply to determine if any
individual or entity actually or constructively owns our capital stock for
purposes of this requirement. Additionally, at least 100 persons must
beneficially own our capital stock during at least 335 days of each taxable
year
(other than our first year as a REIT). To help ensure that we meet these tests,
our charter restricts the acquisition and ownership of shares of our capital
stock. Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take
such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve our qualification as
a
REIT and provides that, unless exempted by our board of directors, no person
may
own more than 9.9% in value of the outstanding shares of our capital stock.
Our
board of directors may grant an exemption from that ownership limit in its
sole
discretion, subject to such conditions, representations and undertakings as
it
may determine. This ownership limit could delay or prevent a transaction or
a
change in control of our company under circumstances that otherwise could
provide our stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the
then
current market price for our common stock or would otherwise be in the best
interests of our stockholders.
Certain
provisions of Maryland law and our charter and bylaws could hinder, delay or
prevent a change in control which could have an adverse effect on the value
of
our securities.
Certain
provisions of Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws may have the effect
of
delaying, deferring or preventing transactions that involve an actual or
threatened change in control. These provisions include the following, among
others:
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· |
our
charter provides that, subject to the rights of one or more classes
or
series of preferred stock to elect one or more directors, a director
may
be removed with or without cause only by the affirmative vote of
holders
of at least two-thirds of all votes entitled to be cast by our
stockholders generally in the election of
directors;
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our
bylaws provide that only our board of directors shall have the authority
to amend our bylaws;
|
|
· |
under
our charter, our board of directors has authority to issue preferred
stock
from time to time, in one or more series and to establish the terms,
preferences;
|
|
· |
and
rights of any such series, all without the approval of our
stockholders;
|
|
· |
the
Maryland Business Combination Act;
and
|
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the
Maryland Control Share Acquisition
Act.
|
Although
our board of directors has adopted a resolution exempting us from application
of
the Maryland Business Combination Act and our bylaws provide that we are not
subject to the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act, our board of directors
may elect to make the business combination statute and control share statute
applicable to us at any time and may do so without stockholder
approval.
Maintenance
of our Investment Company Act exemption imposes limits on our
operations.
We
have
conducted and intend to continue to conduct our operations so as not to become
regulated as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. We believe
that there are a number of exemptions under the Investment Company Act that
are
applicable to us. To maintain the exemption, the assets that we acquire are
limited by the provisions of the Investment Company Act and the rules and
regulations promulgated under the Investment Company Act. In addition, we could,
among other things, be required either (a) to change the manner in which we
conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment
company or (b) to register as an investment company, either of which could
have
an adverse effect on our operations and the market price for our
securities.
Tax
Risks Related to Our Structure
Failure
to qualify as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and ability to make
distributions.
We
have
operated and intend to continue to operate so to qualify as a REIT for federal
income tax purposes. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our
ability to meet various requirements concerning, among other things, the
ownership of our outstanding stock, the nature of our assets, the sources of
our
income, and the amount of our distributions to our stockholders.
If
we
fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal
income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) on our taxable
income at regular corporate rates. In addition, if we do not qualify for certain
statutory relief provisions we generally would be disqualified from treatment
as
a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT
status. Losing our REIT status would reduce our net earnings available for
investment or distribution to stockholders because of the additional tax
liability, and we would no longer be required to make distributions to
stockholders. Additionally, we might be required to borrow funds or liquidate
some investments in order to pay the applicable tax.
REIT
distribution requirements could adversely affect our
liquidity.
In
order
to qualify as a REIT, we generally are required each year to distribute to
our
stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital
gain. To the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100% of
our
REIT taxable income, we will be subject to corporate income tax on our
undistributed REIT taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4%
nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which certain distributions
paid by us with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (i) 85%
of
our ordinary REIT income for that year, (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net
income for that year, and (iii) 100% of our undistributed REIT taxable income
from prior years.
We
have
made and intend to continue to make distributions to our stockholders to comply
with the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and
the
nondeductible excise tax. However, differences in timing between the recognition
of REIT taxable income and the actual receipt of cash could require us to sell
assets or to borrow funds on a short -term basis to meet the 90% distribution
requirement and to avoid corporate income tax and the nondeductible excise
tax.
Certain
of our assets may generate substantial mismatches between REIT taxable income
and available cash. Such assets could include mortgage-backed securities we
hold
that have been issued at a discount and require the accrual of taxable income
in
advance of the receipt of cash. As a result, our taxable income may exceed
our
cash available for distribution and the requirement to distribute a substantial
portion of our net taxable income could cause us to:
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sell
assets in adverse market
conditions,
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borrow
on unfavorable terms or
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distribute
amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions,
capital
expenditures or repayment of debt in order to comply with the REIT
distribution requirements.
|
Further,
amounts distributed will not be available to fund investment activities. We
expect to fund our investments generally through borrowings from financial
institutions, along with securitization financings. If we fail to obtain debt
or
equity capital in the future, it could limit our ability to grow, which could
have a material adverse effect on the value of our common stock.
Dividends
payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income
from regular corporations.
The
maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for dividends payable to domestic
shareholders that are individuals, trust and estates is 15% (through 2008).
Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for the reduced
rates. Although the reduced U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to dividend
income from regular corporate dividends does not adversely affect the taxation
of REITs or dividends paid by REITs, the more favorable rate applicable to
regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts
and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive
than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends,
which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our
Series A Preferred Stock and common shares.
USE
OF PROCEEDS
All
of
the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and our common stock covered by
this
prospectus are being offered by the selling stockholders. We will not receive
any of the proceeds from the sale of these securities by the selling
stockholders under this prospectus. We have agreed to pay expenses relating
to
the registration under applicable securities laws of the shares of our Series
A
Preferred Stock and our common stock covered by this prospectus.
SELLING
STOCKHOLDERS
The
selling stockholders may, from time to time, offer, sell or otherwise distribute
pursuant to this prospectus any or all of the shares of our Series A
Preferred Stock and common stock being offered by them. When we refer to the
“selling stockholders” in this prospectus, we mean those persons specifically
identified in the table below, as well as the permitted transferees, pledges,
donees, assignees, successors and others who receive shares after the date
of
this prospectus from those persons specifically identified in the table below
as
a gift, pledge, dividend, distribution or other non-sale related
transfer.
The
table
below sets forth the name of each selling stockholder that may offer shares
of
our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock pursuant to this prospectus,
from time to time, as of June 16, 2008. The information presented regarding
the
selling stockholders will be based upon representations made by the selling
stockholders to us.
Because
the selling stockholders may offer all, some or none of the shares of our
Series A Preferred Stock and common stock pursuant to this prospectus, and
because there currently are no agreements, arrangements or understandings with
respect to the sale or other distribution of any of these shares, no definitive
estimate can be given as to the amount of shares that will be held by the
selling stockholders after completion of this offering. The following table
will
be prepared assuming that the selling stockholders sell or otherwise distribute
all of the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock offered
by this prospectus and that they do not acquire any additional shares of our
capital stock. If all of the shares of our
Series A Preferred Stock are
sold
pursuant to this prospectus without conversion of the Series A Preferred
Stock into shares of our common stock, then the selling stockholders will sell
1,000,000 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock. If all of the shares
of common stock registered by us under the registration statement of which
this
prospectus is a part are sold following conversion of the 1,000,000 shares
of
Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock, then the selling
stockholders will sell 2,500,000 shares of our common stock.
We
cannot
advise you as to whether the selling stockholders will in fact sell or otherwise
distribute any or all of their shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and
common stock. In addition, the selling stockholders may have sold or otherwise
distributed, transferred or otherwise disposed of, or may sell, distribute,
transfer or otherwise dispose of, at any time and from time to time, the shares
of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock in transactions exempt
from the registration requirements of the Securities Act after the date on
which
they provided the information set forth in the table below.
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Ownership Before Offering
|
|
Securities Offered
by this Prospectus
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Ownership After Offering
|
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Name of Selling Stockholder
|
|
Series A Preferred
Stock
|
|
Common
Stock(1)
|
|
Series A
Preferred Stock
|
|
Common
Stock(1)
|
|
Series A Preferred Stock
|
|
% of Series A Preferred
Stock(2)
|
|
Common
Stock
|
|
% of Common
Stock(2)
|
|
JMP
Group Inc.†(3) (4)
|
|
|
250,000
|
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1,214,585
|
|
|
250,000
|
|
|
625,000
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
589,585
|
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6.3
|
%
|
JMP
Realty Trust, Inc. †(5)
|
|
|
500,000
|
|
|
1,260,951
|
|
|
500,000
|
|
|
1,250,000
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
10,951
|
|
|
*
|
|
Harvest
Opportunity Partners II, L.P. †(5)
|
|
|
181,100
|
|
|
452,750
|
|
|
181,000
|
|
|
452,750
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Harvest
Opportunity Partners Offshore Fund, Ltd. †(5)
|
|
|
31,400
|
|
|
78,500
|
|
|
31,400
|
|
|
78,500
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Harvest
Small Cap Partners, L.P. †(5)
|
|
|
28,800
|
|
|
72,000
|
|
|
28,800
|
|
|
72,000
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Harvest
Small Cap Offshore, Ltd. †(5)
|
|
|
8,700
|
|
|
21,750
|
|
|
8,700
|
|
|
21,750
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total
|
|
|
1,000,000
|
|
|
3,100,536
|
|
|
1,000,000
|
|
|
2,500,000
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
600,536
|
|
|
6.4
|
%
|
†
Affiliate of a registered broker-dealer.
*
Less
than 1%
(1)
Represents the aggregate holding of common stock assuming the conversion of
our
Series A Preferred Stock at a conversion rate of two and one-half (2 ½) shares
of our common stock for each share of Series A Preferred Stock.
(2)
As of
June 16, 2008, 9,320,094 shares of our common stock and 1,000,000 shares of
our
Series A Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding. Assumes that each named
selling stockholder sells or otherwise distributes all of the shares of our
Series A Preferred Stock and common stock it holds that are covered by this
prospectus and neither acquires nor disposes of any other shares, or right
to
purchase other shares, of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock
subsequent to the date as of which we obtained information regarding its
holdings.
(3)
The
selling stockholder has sole voting power over 1,214,585 shares of common stock
and sole dispositive power over 1,214,585 shares of common stock. The Series
A
Preferred Stock votes with the common stock (on an as-converted
basis).
(4)
The
selling stockholder has advised us that Joseph Jolson, Chief Executive Officer
of JMP Group, Inc., exercises sole voting and investment power over the shares
that this selling shareholder beneficially owns.
(5)
JMPAM
is an investment adviser registered with the SEC that manages investments and
trading accounts including JMP Realty Trust, Inc., Harvest Opportunity Partners
II, L.P., Harvest Opportunity Partners Offshore Fund, Ltd., Harvest Small Cap
Partners, L.P., and Harvest Small Cap Offshore, Ltd. (collectively, the “JMP
Funds”). JMPAM is either the manager or general partner of each JMP Fund.
Therefore, because JMPAM has the investment and dispositive power with respect
the shares held by these JMP Funds, JMPAM is deemed to beneficially own, in
the
aggregate, all of the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock
held by these JMP Funds.
Certain
Relationships between the Selling Stockholders and Us
On
January 18, 2008, we issued and sold the 1.0 million shares of Series A
Preferred Stock to the selling stockholders named above for an aggregate
purchase price of $20.0 million. Each of the selling stockholders named above
(excluding JMP Group, Inc.) is an affiliate of JMP Group, Inc. JMP Group, Inc.
is deemed to beneficially own approximately 12.2% of our outstanding common
stock as of May 1, 2008. JMPAM is a subsidiary of JMP Group, Inc. and is an
SEC-registered investment adviser. As an investment adviser, JMPAM manages
investments and trading accounts of other persons, including each of the selling
stockholders named above, other than JMP Group, Inc., and is deemed the
beneficial owner of shares of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock
held
by these accounts. As a result, JMPAM is deemed to beneficially own
approximately 16.8% of our outstanding common stock as of May 1, 2008. James
J.
Fowler, the non-executive chairman of our board of directors and also the
non-compensated chief investment officer of the Managed Subsidiaries, is a
managing director of JMPAM and the president of JMP Realty Trust, Inc., a
private REIT that is externally managed by JMPAM.
Concurrent
with the issuance and sale of the Series A Preferred Stock, we entered into
an
advisory agreement with JMPAM, which is an affiliate of each of the selling
stockholders named above, pursuant to which JMPAM advises the Managed
Subsidiaries. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, JMPAM is entitled to receive
a
base advisory fee and may be eligible to earn an incentive advisory fee under
certain circumstances. For the period January 18, 2008 to March 31, 2008, we
paid approximately $0.1 million to JMPAM in base advisory fees.
On
February 21, 2008, we completed a private offering of our common stock which
generated gross proceeds of $60.0 million to our company. JMP Securities LLC,
a
subsidiary of JMP Group, Inc. and an affiliate of the selling stockholders
named
above, received a $3.0 million placement fee for its services as the sole
placement agent in our February 2008 private offering.
RATIO
OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES
The
following table sets forth our consolidated ratios of earnings to fixed charges
for the three months ended March 31, 2008, and for each of the last five fiscal
years for our company and its predecessor.
|
|
Three Months
Ended March 31,
|
|
Year Ended
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2008
|
|
2007
|
|
2006
|
|
2005
|
|
2004
|
|
2003
|
|
Ratio
of earnings to fixed charges
|
|
|
(0.79
|
)
|
|
(0.01
|
)
|
|
0.84
|
|
|
1.06
|
|
|
1.71
|
|
|
11.81
|
|
Deficiency
|
|
$
|
21,438
|
|
$
|
53,454
|
|
$
|
12,001
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
We
computed the ratio of earnings to fixed charges by dividing earnings by fixed
charges. For purposes of computing the ratios above, earnings consist of pre-tax
earnings from continuing operations plus fixed charges and distributed income
to
equity investees and fixed charges consist of interest expenses. Pursuant
to SFAS 150, Accounting
for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities
and
Equity,
because
any outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock must be redeemed on December
31, 2010, the Series A Preferred Stock is classified as a liability on our
balance sheet and accounted for in the ratio above as a fixed
charge.
SELECTED
FINANCIAL DATA
The
following selected consolidated financial data is derived from our audited
and
unaudited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto for the
periods presented and give effect to the completion on May 27, 2008 of a
one-for-two reverse stock split on shares of our common stock. This selected
consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the notes to
our
audited and unaudited consolidated financial statements and “Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”
included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
2007
and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31,
2008,
each of which is incorporated by reference in this registration statement.
Operating results are not necessarily indicative of future
performance.
The
selected financial data as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2008
and
2007 and the years ended December 31, 2007, December 31, 2006 and December
31,
2005, include the operations of our company and our consolidated subsidiaries.
Included in the selected financial data for the year ended December 31, 2004
are
the results of our company for the period beginning June 29, 2004, which was
the
date on which we completed our initial public offering, and of Hypotheca for
the
period beginning January 1, 2004 and ended June 29, 2004. Prior to completion
of
our initial public offering, we had no operations and, as a result, for the
year
2003, the financial data presented is for Hypotheca only.
(amounts in thousands)
|
|
As of and for the Quarter Ended March 31,
|
|
As of and For the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2008
|
|
2007
|
|
2007
|
|
2006
|
|
2005
|
|
2004
|
|
2003
|
|
Operating
Data(1):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
interest income
|
|
$
|
1,274
|
|
$
|
(253
|
)
|
$
|
477
|
|
$
|
4,784
|
|
$
|
12,873
|
|
$
|
7,924
|
|
$
|
―
|
|
(Loss)
income from continuing operation
|
|
|
(21,438
|
)
|
|
(900
|
)
|
|
(20,790
|
)
|
|
2,166
|
|
|
3,322
|
|
|
6,899
|
|
|
―
|
|
Income
(Loss) from discontinued operation - net of tax
|
|
|
180
|
|
|
(3,841
|
)
|
|
(34,478
|
)
|
|
(17,197
|
)
|
|
(8,662
|
)
|
|
(1,952
|
)
|
|
13,726
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
(loss) income
|
|
|
(21,258
|
)
|
|
(4,741
|
)
|
|
(55,268
|
)
|
|
(15,031
|
)
|
|
(5,340
|
)
|
|
4,947
|
|
|
13,726
|
|
Basic
(loss) income per share
|
|
|
(4.19
|
)
|
|
(2.62
|
)
|
|
(30.47
|
)
|
|
(8.33
|
)
|
|
(2.97
|
)
|
|
2.76
|
|
|
―
|
|
Weighted
average common shares outstanding - basic(2)
|
|
|
5,070
|
|
|
1,808
|
|
|
1,814
|
|
|
1,804
|
|
|
1,801
|
|
|
1,790
|
|
|
―
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance
Sheet Data(1):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
assets continuing operations
|
|
|
925,019
|
|
|
1,035,938
|
|
|
800,385
|
|
|
1,110,103
|
|
|
1,542,422
|
|
|
1,413,729
|
|
|
―
|
|
Total
assets discontinued operations
|
|
|
6,755
|
|
|
126,641
|
|
|
8,876
|
|
|
212,805
|
|
|
248,871
|
|
|
201,034
|
|
|
110,081
|
|
Total
liabilities continuing operations
|
|
|
885,751
|
|
|
988,499
|
|
|
785,010
|
|
|
1,063,631
|
|
|
1,458,410
|
|
|
1,306,185
|
|
|
―
|
|
Total
liabilities discontinued operations
|
|
$
|
4,912
|
|
$
|
108,960
|
|
$
|
5,833
|
|
$
|
187,705
|
|
$
|
231,925
|
|
$
|
189,095
|
|
$
|
110,555
|
|
(1) |
In
connection with the sale of our wholesale mortgage origination platform
assets on February 22, 2007 and the sale of our retail mortgage
origination platform assets on March 31, 2007, we are required to
classify
our mortgage lending business as a discontinued operation in accordance
with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144.
|
(2) |
Reflects
one-for-two reverse stock split on shares of our common stock that
became
effective on May 27, 2008.
|
DESCRIPTION
OF SERIES A PREFERRED STOCK
The
following summary describes the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock after
giving effect to the completion on May 27, 2008 of a one-for-two reverse stock
split on shares of our common stock. The following summary, which contains
certain terms and provisions of our Series A Preferred Stock, does not
purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by
reference to the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, the terms and
provisions of our charter, including the Articles Supplementary, and our
bylaws, copies of which are filed or incorporated by reference as exhibits
to
the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and are available
from us. See “How to Obtain More Information.”
General
Our
charter provides that we may issue up to 2,000,000 shares of our Series A
Cumulative Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share.
As
of June 1, 2008, 1,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued and
outstanding.
Rank
The
Series A Preferred Stock, with respect to dividend rights and rights upon
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, ranks: (a) prior or
senior to any class or series of common stock of our company and any other
class
or series of equity securities of
our
company, if the holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to the
receipt of dividends or of amounts distributable upon liquidation, dissolution
or winding up in preference or priority to the holders of shares of such class
or series, or junior stock; (b) on a parity with any class or series of equity
securities of our company if, pursuant to the specific terms of such class
or
series of equity
securities, the holders of such class or series of equity securities and
the
Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to the receipt of dividends and
of
amounts distributable upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up in proportion
to their respective amounts of accrued and unpaid dividends per share or
liquidation preferences, without preference or priority one over the other,
or
parity stock; (c) junior to any class or series of equity securities of
our
company if, pursuant to the specific terms of such class or series, the holders
of such class or series shall be entitled to the receipt of dividends or amounts
distributable upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up in preference or
priority to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, or senior stock; and
(d) junior to all existing and future indebtedness of our company. The term
“equity securities” does not include convertible debt securities, which will
rank senior to the Series A Preferred Stock prior to conversion.
Dividends
Holders
of shares of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when and as
authorized by the board of directors and declared by our company, out of funds
legally available for the payment of distributions, cumulative preferential
quarterly cash dividends at the rate of the greater of (i) two and one half
percent (2.5%) per quarter of the $20.00 per share liquidation preference of
the
Series A Preferred Stock (equivalent to a fixed annual amount of $2.00 per
share) or (ii) the quotient of the quarterly dividend declared by our company
on
shares of our common stock divided by the conversion price (defined below).
Dividends accumulate on a daily basis and are payable quarterly in arrears
on or
before the last day of each January, April, July and October of each year (each
such day being hereinafter called a Dividend Payment Date) to holders of record
of the Series A Preferred Stock at the close of business on
the
last business day of March, June, September and December immediately preceding
such Dividend Payment Date (each such day being hereinafter called a Dividend
Record Date). The first dividend was payable based on a full quarter and
was paid on March 31, 2008 to stockholders of record as of March 31, 2008.
Any
dividend payable on the Series A Preferred Stock for any partial dividend period
will be computed on the basis of twelve 30-day months and a 360-day year.
Holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to receive any
dividends in excess of cumulative dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock
and
no interest shall be paid in respect of any dividend payment or payments on
the
Series A Preferred Stock that may be in arrears.
When
dividends are not paid in full upon the Series A Preferred Stock or any other
class or series of parity stock, all dividends declared upon the Series A
Preferred Stock and any other class or series of parity stock shall be declared
ratably in proportion to the respective amounts of dividends accumulated,
accrued and unpaid on the Series A Preferred Stock and the parity stock. Except
as set forth in the preceding sentence, unless dividends on the Series
A
Preferred Stock equal to the full amount of accumulated, accrued and unpaid
dividends have been or contemporaneously are declared and paid, or declared
and
a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for such payment for all
past
dividend periods, no dividends will be declared or paid or set aside for payment
by us with respect to any class or series of parity stock. Unless full
cumulative dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock have been paid or declared
and set apart for payment for all past dividend periods, no dividends (or other
cash or property) will be declared or paid or set apart for payment by us with
respect to any shares of junior stock, nor shall any shares of junior stock
be
redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired (except for purposes of an employee
benefit plan) for any consideration. Notwithstanding the above, we are not
prohibited from (i) declaring or paying or setting apart for payment any
dividend or distribution on any shares of parity stock or (ii) redeeming,
purchasing or otherwise acquiring any parity stock, in each case, if such
declaration, payment, redemption, purchase or other acquisition is necessary
to
maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue
Code.
No
dividends on shares of Series A Preferred Stock may be declared by our board
of
directors or paid or set apart for payment by us at such time as the terms
and provisions of any agreement of our company prohibits such declaration,
payment or setting apart for payment or provides that such declaration, payment
or setting apart for payment would constitute a breach thereof or a default
thereunder, or if such declaration or payment shall be restricted or prohibited
by law.
Liquidation
Preference
Upon
any
voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company,
before any payment or distribution by us shall be made to or set apart for
the
holders of any shares of junior stock, the holders of shares of Series A
Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive a liquidation preference of $20.00
per share, or the Liquidation Preference, plus an amount equal to all
accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not earned or declared)
to
the date of final distribution to such holders. Until the holders of the Series
A Preferred Stock have been paid the Liquidation Preference in full, plus an
amount equal to all accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not
earned or declared) to the date of final distribution to such holders, no
payment shall be made to any holder of junior stock upon the liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of our company.
If
upon
any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, our assets, or
proceeds thereof, distributable among the holders of Series A Preferred Stock
shall be insufficient to pay in full the above described preferential amount
and
liquidating payments on any other shares of any class or series of parity stock,
then such assets, or the proceeds thereof, will be distributed among the holders
of Series A Preferred Stock and any such other holder of parity stock ratably
in
the same proportion as the respective amounts that would be payable on the
Series A Preferred Stock and any such other parity stock if all amounts payable
thereon were paid in full. A voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution
or winding up of our company shall not include a consolidation or merger of
our
company with one or more corporations, a sale, lease, conveyance or transfer
of
all or substantially all of our assets or business, or a statutory share
exchange.
Upon
any
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our company, after payment has
been made in full to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock and any holders
of
parity stock, any other series or class or classes of junior stock will be
entitled to receive any and all assets remaining to be paid or
distributed.
Redemption
Except
as
set forth below under “―
Special
Optional Redemption by Company” or certain other exceptions, the Series A
Preferred Stock is not redeemable prior to December 31, 2010. To the extent
any shares of the Series A Preferred Stock are not converted into shares of
our
common stock as set forth below, we will redeem the Series A Preferred Stock,
in
whole but not in part, on or about December 31, 2010, at a cash redemption
price equal to 100% of the Liquidation Preference, plus all accrued and unpaid
dividends to the date fixed for redemption, or the redemption date. If full
cumulative dividends on all outstanding Series A Preferred Stock have not been
paid or declared and set apart for payment, no Series A Preferred Stock may
be
redeemed unless all outstanding Series A Preferred Stock are simultaneously
redeemed.
Special
Optional Redemption by Company
At
any
time following a Change of Control Optional Conversion Termination Date (as
defined in the Articles Supplementary), we will have the option upon written
notice to the holders of record of the then outstanding shares of Series A
Preferred Stock (in accordance with the notice requirements provided in the
Articles Supplementary) to redeem the then outstanding shares of Series A
Preferred Stock, in whole but not in part, within 90 days after the Change
of
Control Optional Conversion Termination Date, for a cash redemption price equal
to 100% of the Liquidation Preference, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends
to
the redemption date. Upon any redemption of the Series A Preferred Stock
pursuant to this special optional redemption by our company, we will pay any
accrued and unpaid dividends to the redemption date, whether or not authorized,
unless the redemption date falls after a dividend payment record date and prior
to the corresponding Dividend Payment Date, in which case each holder of the
Series A Preferred Stock at the close of business on such dividend payment
record date will be entitled to the distribution payable on such shares on
the
corresponding Dividend Payment Date notwithstanding the redemption of such
shares before the Dividend Payment Date. A “change of control” has the meaning
ascribed to it in the Articles Supplementary.
Conversion
Optional
Conversion
Subject
to the requirements sets forth in the Articles Supplementary for such
conversion, a holder of any shares of the Series A Preferred Stock has the
right, at its option, to convert all or any portion of its outstanding Series
A
Preferred Stock, or the Optional Conversion Right, into the number of fully
paid
and non-assessable shares of our common stock at a conversion rate of one share
of common stock per $8.00 liquidation preference, or the Conversion Rate, which
is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $8.00 per share of our
common stock, or the Conversion Price (subject to adjustment as described
below). Such holder shall surrender to us such shares of Series A Preferred
Stock to be converted in accordance with the provisions set forth in the
Articles Supplementary.
If
a
holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock exercises its Optional Conversion
Right, upon delivery of the Series A Preferred Stock for conversion, those
shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall cease to cumulate dividends as of
the
end of the day immediately preceding the conversion date (as defined in the
Articles Supplementary) and the holder shall not receive any cash payment
representing accrued and unpaid dividends of the Series A Preferred Stock,
except in those limited circumstances discussed below. Except as provided below,
we will make no payment for accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not in
arrears, on the Series A Preferred Stock converted at a holder’s election
pursuant to a conversion right, or for dividends on shares of our common stock
issued upon such conversion.
|
· |
if
we receive a conversion notice after the Dividend Record Date but
prior to
the corresponding Dividend Payment Date, the holder on the Dividend
Record
Date shall receive on that Dividend Payment Date accrued dividends
on
those shares of Series A Preferred Stock, notwithstanding the conversion
of those shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior to that Dividend
Payment
Date; provided, however, that at the time that such holder surrenders
the
Series A Preferred Stock for conversion, the holder shall pay to
us an
amount equal to the dividend that has accrued and that shall be paid
on
the related Dividend Payment Date;
and
|
|
· |
a
holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock on a Dividend Record
Date who
exercises its Optional Conversion Right and converts such Series
A
Preferred Stock into our common stock on or after the corresponding
Dividend Payment Date shall be entitled to receive the dividend payable
on
such Series A Preferred Stock on such Dividend Payment Date, and
the
converting holder need not include payment of the amount of such
dividend
upon surrender for conversion of the Series A Preferred
Stock.
|
However,
if we receive a conversion notice before the close of business on a Dividend
Record Date, the holder shall not be entitled to receive any portion of the
dividend payable on such converted Series A Preferred Stock on the corresponding
Dividend Payment Date.
Mandatory
Conversion
Each
outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock will be converted into the number
of fully paid and non-assessable shares of our common stock at the Conversion
Rate (subject to adjustment as described below) upon satisfaction of the
following conditions, or the Mandatory Conversion:
|
· |
we
have obtained the requisite approval(s), if any, of our common
stockholders in connection with the issuance of the Series A Preferred
Stock or any of our common stock issuable upon conversion of such
shares
of Series A Preferred Stock;
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the
resale registration statement has been declared effective by the
SEC;
and
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the
number of shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of
the
outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal a number that
is less
than ten percent (10%) of our then outstanding common
stock.
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provided,
however,
that no
such Mandatory Conversion will occur if such conversion would result in our
company being consolidated for accounting purposes as a subsidiary of JMP Group,
Inc. Upon exercise of the Mandatory Conversion right and the surrender of shares
of the Series A Preferred Stock by a holder thereof, we will issue and deliver
or cause to be issued and delivered to such holder, or to such other person
on
such holder’s written order, certificates representing the number of validly
issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of our common stock to which a
holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock being converted, or a holder’s
transferee, shall be entitled.
To
exercise this Mandatory Conversion right, we must issue a press release prior
to
the opening of business on any trading day not more than five trading days
following any date on which we became aware that the conditions set forth above
for the Mandatory Conversion have been satisfied, announcing the satisfaction
of
the Mandatory Conversion conditions. The conversion date, or the Mandatory
Conversion Date, will be on the date that is five trading days after the date
on
which we issue such press release. Each conversion shall be deemed to have
been
made at the close of business on the Mandatory Conversion Date so that the
rights of the holder thereof as to the Series A Preferred Stock being converted
shall cease except for the right to receive the number of fully paid and
non-assessable shares of our common stock at the Conversion Rate (subject to
adjustment as described below), and the person entitled to receive shares of
our
common stock will be treated for all purposes as having become the record holder
of those shares of common stock at that time.
If
we
exercise the Mandatory Conversion right and the Mandatory Conversion Date is
a
date that is on, or after the close of business on, any Dividend Record Date
and
prior to the close of business on the corresponding Dividend Payment Date,
all
dividends, including accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not in arrears,
with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock called for conversion on such
date,
will be payable on such Dividend Payment Date to the record holder of such
shares on such record date. However, if we exercise the Mandatory Conversion
right and the Mandatory Conversion Date is a date that is prior to the close
of
business on any Dividend Record Date, the holder shall not be entitled to
receive any portion of the dividend payable for such period on such converted
shares on the corresponding Dividend Payment Date; provided, however, that
all
unpaid dividends that are in arrears as of the Mandatory Conversion Date will
be
payable to the holder of the Series A Preferred Stock.
Conversion
Rate Adjustments
If
we
shall, at any time or from time to time after the original issue date of the
Series A Preferred Stock while any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are
outstanding, effect one or more stock dividends, stock split-ups (including
reverse splits), subdivisions or consolidations of shares of our common stock,
the Conversion Rate shall be appropriately adjusted to reflect such stock
dividends, stock split-ups, subdivisions or consolidations of shares of common
stock. For example, on May 27, 2008, we completed a one-for-two reverse stock
on
shares of our common stock. Upon completion of this reverse stock split, the
Conversion Rate was automatically adjusted to one share of common stock per
$8.00 liquidation preference from one share of common stock per $4.00
liquidation preference. In addition, if during the period in which shares of
the
Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding we issue or sell any shares of
common stock (excluding any equity awards granted under our 2005 Stock Plan)
for
a price per share that is less than the Conversion Price at the time of such
issuance or sale, the Conversion Rate immediately will be adjusted by
multiplying the Conversion Rate by the quotient of (x) the Conversion Price
at
the time of such issuance or sale divided by (y) the product of the Conversion
Price at the time of such issuance or sale multiplied by (a) an amount equal
to
the sum of (i) the number of shares of common stock outstanding and deemed
to be
outstanding immediately prior to such sale plus the number of shares of common
stock to be issued upon such issuance or sale multiplied by the Conversion
Price
at the time of such issuance or sale and (ii) the total consideration received
and deemed to be received by us upon such issuance and sale and (b) dividing
the
result by an amount equal to (i) the sum of (A) the amount determined in (a)
and
(B) the product of the number of shares issued or sold multiplied by the
Conversion Price at the time of such issuance or sale, minus (ii) the
consideration received.
Voting
Rights
Holders
of the Series A Preferred Stock have the same voting rights as holders of our
common stock and will vote together with holders of common stock as a single
class on an as-converted basis, except as set forth below.
If
and
whenever distributions on any shares of Series A Preferred Stock or any series
or class of parity stock are in arrears for six or more quarterly periods
(whether or not consecutive), the number of directors then constituting the
board of directors will be increased by two and the holders of such shares
of
Series A Preferred Stock (voting together as a single class with all other
shares of parity stock of any other class or series which is entitled to similar
voting rights (excluding common stock, or the Voting Preferred Stock)), will
be
entitled to vote for the election of the two additional directors of our company
at any annual meeting of stockholders or at a special meeting of the holders
of
the Series A Preferred Stock and of the Voting Preferred Stock called for that
purpose. We must call such special meeting upon the request of any holder of
record of shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Whenever dividends in arrears
on
outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock and the Voting Preferred
Stock have been paid and dividends thereon for the current quarterly dividend
period have been paid or declared and set apart for payment, then the right
of
the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock to elect such additional two
directors will cease and the terms of office of such directors will terminate,
with the number of directors constituting the board of directors being reduced
accordingly.
The
affirmative vote or consent of at least 66 2
/
3
% of the
votes entitled to be cast by the holders of the outstanding Series A Preferred
Stock and the holders of all other classes or series of preferred stock of
our
company entitled to vote on such matters, voting as a single class, will be
required to (i) authorize the creation of, the increase in the authorized
amount of, or issuance of any shares of any class of senior stock or any
security convertible into shares of any class of senior stock or
(ii) amend, alter or repeal any provision of, or add any provision to, the
charter, including the Articles Supplementary for the Series A Preferred Stock,
if such action would materially adversely affect the voting powers, rights
or
preferences of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock. The amendment of
the
charter to authorize, create, or increase the authorized amount of junior stock
or any class of parity stock, is not deemed to materially adversely affect
the
voting powers, rights or preferences of the holders of Series A Preferred
Stock.
With
respect to the exercise of the above described voting rights, each share of
Series A Preferred Stock is entitled to a number of votes equal to the
Conversion Rate then in effect. The foregoing voting provisions will not apply
if, at or prior to the time when the act with respect to which such vote would
otherwise be required shall be effected, all outstanding Series A Preferred
Stock shall have been redeemed or called for redemption upon proper notice
and
sufficient funds shall have been deposited in trust to effect such
redemption.
Transfer
Agent and Registrar
The
transfer agent and registrar for our Series A Preferred Stock is American Stock
Transfer & Trust Company.
DESCRIPTION
OF CAPITAL STOCK
The
following summary description of our capital stock does not purport to be
complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to
Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws, copies of which are filed as exhibits
to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See “How to
Obtain More Information.”
General
Our
charter provides that we may issue up to 400,000,000 shares of common stock,
par
value $0.01 per share, and 200,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value
$0.01 per share, including up to 2,000,000 shares of Series A Cumulative
Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock. As of June 1, 2008, 9,320,094 shares
of
common stock and 1,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were issued and
outstanding. As of June 1, 2008, no other class or series of preferred stock
of
our company was issued or outstanding. Under Maryland law, our stockholders
are
not generally liable for our debts or obligations. Our charter authorizes our
board of directors to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate
number of shares of capital stock of any class or series that we have the
authority to issue, without your approval.
Voting
Rights of Common Stock
Subject
to the provisions of our charter regarding restrictions on the transfer and
ownership of shares of common stock, each outstanding share of common stock
entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of
stockholders, including the election of directors, and, except as provided
with
respect to any other class or series of shares of our stock, such as our Series
A Preferred Stock, the holders of our common stock possess the exclusive voting
power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which means
that the holders of a majority of the sum of our outstanding shares of common
stock and outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock, on an “as-converted”
basis, voting together as a single class, can elect all of the directors then
standing for election. Under Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally
cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge, sell all or substantially all of
its
assets, or engage in a share exchange or engage in similar transactions outside
the ordinary course of business unless approved by the affirmative vote of
stockholders holding at least two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on
the
matter, unless a lesser percentage (but not less than a majority of all the
votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is set forth in the corporation’s
charter. Our charter provides for approval by a majority of all the votes
entitled to be cast on the matter for the matters described in the preceding
sentence.
Dividends,
Liquidation and Other Rights
All
shares of our common stock are duly authorized, fully paid and nonassessable.
Holders of our shares of common stock are entitled to receive dividends when
authorized by our board of directors and declared by us out of assets legally
available for the payment of dividends. They also are entitled to share ratably
in our assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders in the
event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, after payment of or
adequate provision for all of our known debts and liabilities. These rights
are
subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of our stock,
including our Series A Preferred Stock, and to the provisions of our charter
regarding restrictions on transfer and ownership of our stock.
Holders
of our shares of common stock have no appraisal, preference, conversion,
exchange, sinking fund or redemption rights and have no preemptive rights to
subscribe for any of our securities. Subject to the restrictions on transfer
of
capital stock contained in our charter and to the ability of the board of
directors to create shares of common stock with differing voting rights, all
shares of common stock have equal dividend, liquidation and other
rights.
Preferred
Stock
Our
charter authorizes our board of directors to reclassify any unissued shares
of
common stock into preferred stock, to classify any unissued shares of preferred
stock and to reclassify any previously classified but unissued shares of any
series of preferred stock previously authorized by our board of directors.
Prior
to issuance of shares of each class or series of preferred stock, our board
of
directors is required by Maryland law and our charter to fix, subject to our
charter restrictions on transfer and ownership, the terms, preferences,
conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to
dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of
redemption for each class or series. Thus, our board of directors could
authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions
that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction
or
a change of control that might involve a premium price for you or otherwise
be
in your best interest.
Please
see “Description of Series A Preferred Stock” in this prospectus for a summary
of the terms of our outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
Power
to Issue Additional Shares of Common Stock and Preferred
Stock
We
believe that the power of our board of directors to issue additional authorized
but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify
or
reclassify unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and thereafter
to cause us to issue such classified or reclassified shares of stock provides
us
with increased flexibility in structuring possible future financings and
acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The additional
classes or series, as well as our common stock, are available for issuance
without further action by our stockholders, unless stockholder action is
required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated
quotation system on which our securities may be listed or traded. Although
our
board of directors has no intention at the present time of doing so, it could
authorize us to issue a class or series that could, depending upon the terms
of
such class or series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in
control of us that might involve a premium price for holders of our common
stock
or otherwise be in your best interest.
Restrictions
on Ownership and Transfer
In
order
to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, our shares of stock must
be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a
taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable
year. Also, no more than 50% of the value of our outstanding shares of capital
stock may be owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals
(as
defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities) during the
last half of any taxable year. In addition, if certain “disqualified
organizations” hold our stock, although the law on the matter is unclear, a tax
might be imposed on us if a portion of our assets is treated as a taxable
mortgage pool. In addition, a tax will be imposed on us if certain disqualified
organizations hold our stock and we hold a residual interest in a real estate
mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC.
To
help
us to qualify as a REIT, our charter, subject to certain exceptions, contains
restrictions on the number of shares of our capital stock that a person may
own
and prohibits certain entities from owning our stock. Our charter provides
that
generally no person may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution
provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, either (i) more than 9.9% in value
of
our outstanding shares of capital stock or (ii) more than 9.9% in value or
in
number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding common
stock. Our board of directors is permitted under our charter to waive these
ownership limits on a case by case basis so long as the waiver will not cause
us
to fail to comply with applicable REIT ownership requirements under the Internal
Revenue Code. Our charter prohibits the following “disqualified organizations”
from owning our stock: the United States; any state or political subdivision
of
the United States; any foreign government; any international organization;
any
agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing; any other tax-exempt
organization, other than a farmer’s cooperative described in Section 521 of the
Internal Revenue Code, that is exempt from both income taxation and from
taxation under the unrelated business taxable income provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code; and any rural electrical or telephone cooperative.
Our
charter also prohibits any person from (a) beneficially or constructively owning
shares of our capital stock that would result in us being “closely held” under
Section 856(h) of the Internal Revenue Code, and (b) transferring shares of
our
capital stock if such transfer would result in our capital stock being
beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons. Any person who acquires or
attempts or intends to acquire beneficial ownership of shares of our capital
stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on
transferability and ownership will be required to give notice immediately to
us
and provide us with such other information as we may request in order to
determine the effect of such transfer on our status as a REIT. The foregoing
restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our board of
directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt
to
qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
Our
board
of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a person from the above
ownership limits and any of the restrictions described in the first sentence
of
the paragraph directly above. However, the board of directors may not grant
an
exemption to any person unless the board of directors obtains such
representations, covenants and undertakings as the board of directors may deem
appropriate in order to determine that granting the exemption would not result
in our losing our status as a REIT. As a condition of granting the exemption,
our board of directors may require a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service
or
an opinion of counsel, in either case in form and substance satisfactory to
the
board of directors, in its sole discretion, in order to determine or ensure
our
status as a REIT.
In
connection with the private offering of our Series A Preferred Stock on January
18, 2008, our board of directors granted a waiver to allow JMP Group, Inc.
and
certain of its affiliates to acquire stock in amounts in excess of the 9.9%
ownership limits. In connection with the resale of our Series A Preferred Stock
and common stock covered by this registration statement, our board of directors,
in its sole discretion, may grant additional waivers from the 9.9% ownership
limits.
Any
transfer that results in our shares of stock being owned by fewer than 100
persons will be void. However, if any transfer of our shares of stock occurs
which, if effective, would result in any person beneficially or constructively
owning shares of stock in excess or in violation of the above transfer or
ownership limitations, known as a prohibited owner, then that number of shares
of stock, the beneficial or constructive ownership of which otherwise would
cause such person to violate the transfer or ownership limitations (rounded
up
to the nearest whole share), will be automatically transferred to a charitable
trust for the exclusive benefit of a charitable beneficiary, and the prohibited
owner will not acquire any rights in such shares. This automatic transfer will
be considered effective as of the close of business on the business day before
the violative transfer. If the transfer to the charitable trust would not be
effective for any reason to prevent the violation of the above transfer or
ownership limitations, then the transfer of that number of shares of stock
that
otherwise would cause any person to violate the above limitations will be void.
Shares of stock held in the charitable trust will continue to constitute issued
and outstanding shares of our stock. The prohibited owner will not benefit
economically from ownership of any shares of stock held in the charitable trust,
will have no rights to dividends or other distributions and will not possess
any
rights to vote or other rights attributable to the shares of stock held in
the
charitable trust. The trustee of the charitable trust will be designated by
us
and must be unaffiliated with us or any prohibited owner and will have all
voting rights and rights to dividends or other distributions with respect to
shares of stock held in the charitable trust, and these rights will be exercised
for the exclusive benefit of the trust’s charitable beneficiary. Any dividend or
other distribution paid before our discovery that shares of stock have been
transferred to the trustee will be paid by the recipient of such dividend or
distribution to the trustee upon demand, and any dividend or other distribution
authorized but unpaid will be paid when due to the trustee. Any dividend or
distribution so paid to the trustee will be held in trust for the trust’s
charitable beneficiary. Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date that
such shares of stock have been transferred to the trustee, the trustee, in
its
sole discretion, will have the authority to:
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rescind
as void any vote cast by a prohibited owner prior to our discovery
that
such shares have been transferred to the trustee;
and
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recast
such vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for
the
benefit of the trust’s beneficiary.
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However,
if we have already taken irreversible corporate action, then the trustee will
not have the authority to rescind and recast such vote.
Within
20
days of receiving notice from us that shares of stock have been transferred
to
the charitable trust, and unless we buy the shares first as described below,
the
trustee will sell the shares of stock held in the charitable trust to a person,
designated by the trustee, whose ownership of the shares will not violate the
ownership limitations in our charter. Upon the sale, the interest of the
charitable beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will
distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the prohibited owner and to the
charitable beneficiary. The prohibited owner will receive the lesser
of:
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the
price paid by the prohibited owner for the shares or, if the prohibited
owner did not give value for the shares in connection with the event
causing the shares to be held in the charitable trust (for example,
in the
case of a gift or devise), the market price of the shares on the
day of
the event causing the shares to be held in the charitable trust;
and
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the
price per share received by the trustee from the sale or other disposition
of the shares held in the charitable trust (less any commission and
other
expenses of a sale).
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The
trustee may reduce the amount payable to the prohibited owner by the amount
of
dividends and distributions paid to the prohibited owner that are owed by the
prohibited owner to the trustee. Any net sale proceeds in excess of the amount
payable to the prohibited owner will be paid immediately to the charitable
beneficiary. If, before our discovery that shares of stock have been transferred
to the charitable trust, such shares are sold by a prohibited owner,
then:
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such
shares will be deemed to have been sold on behalf of the charitable
trust;
and
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to
the extent that the prohibited owner received an amount for such
shares
that exceeds the amount that the prohibited owner was entitled to
receive
as described above, the excess must be paid to the trustee upon
demand.
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In
addition, shares of stock held in the charitable trust will be deemed to have
been offered for sale to us, or our designee, at a price per share equal to
the
lesser of:
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the
price per share in the transaction that resulted in such transfer
to the
charitable trust (or, in the case of a gift or devise, the market
price at
the time of the gift or devise);
and
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the
market price on the date we, or our designee, accept such
offer.
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We
may
reduce the amount payable to the prohibited owner by the amount of dividends
and
distributions paid to the prohibited owner that are owed by the prohibited
owner
to the trustee. We may pay the amount of such reduction to the trustee for
the
benefit of the charitable beneficiary. We will have the right to accept the
offer until the trustee has sold the shares of stock held in the charitable
trust. Upon such a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in
the
shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the net proceeds
of
the sale to the prohibited owner and any dividends or other distributions held
by the trustee will be paid to the charitable beneficiary.
All
certificates representing shares of our capital stock will bear a legend
referring to the restrictions described above.
Every
holder of more than 5% (or such lower percentage as required by the Internal
Revenue Code or the regulations promulgated thereunder) in value of all classes
or series of our capital stock, including shares of common stock, within 30
days
after the end of each taxable year, will be required to give written notice
to
us stating the name and address of such holder, the number of shares of each
class and series of shares of our stock that the holder beneficially owns and
a
description of the manner in which the shares are held. Each holder shall
provide to us such additional information as we may request in order to
determine the effect, if any, of the holder’s beneficial ownership on our status
as a REIT and to ensure compliance with our ownership limitations. In addition,
each stockholder shall upon demand be required to provide to us such information
as we may request, in good faith, in order to determine our status as a REIT
and
to comply with the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental
authority or to determine such compliance.
Our
ownership limitations could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change
in
control of us that might involve a premium price for holders of our common
stock
or might otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Transfer
Agent and Registrar
The
transfer agent and registrar for our shares of common stock is American Stock
Transfer & Trust Company.
CERTAIN
PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW
AND
OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The
following description of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our charter
and bylaws is only a summary. For a complete description, we refer you to the
applicable Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws. Copies of our charter
and
bylaws were filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part. See “How to Obtain More Information.”
Number
of Directors; Vacancies
Our
charter and bylaws provide that the number of our directors shall be nine and
may only be increased or decreased by a vote of a majority of the members of
our
board of directors. Our board of directors has determined that the board should
currently consist of seven directors. Our charter provides that any vacancy,
including a vacancy created by an increase in the number of directors, may
be
filled only by a majority of the remaining directors, even if the remaining
directors do not constitute a quorum.
Removal
of Directors
Our
charter provides that a director may be removed with or without cause upon
the
affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast in
the
election of directors. Absent removal of all of our directors, this provision,
when coupled with the provision in our bylaws authorizing our board of directors
to fill vacant directorships, may preclude stockholders from removing incumbent
directors and filling the vacancies created by such removal with their own
nominees.
Amendment
to the Charter
Generally,
our charter may be amended only by the affirmative vote of the holders of not
less than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
However, provisions in our charter related to (1) removal of directors, (2)
blank check stock and (3) the restrictions on transfer and ownership may only
be
amended by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds
of
all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Dissolution
Our
dissolution must be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not
less
than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the
matter.
Business
Combinations
Maryland
law prohibits “business combinations” between us and an interested stockholder
or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most
recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested
stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share
exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer
or
issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Maryland law defines an
interested stockholder as:
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any
person or entity who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting
power of
our stock; or
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an
affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two year
period
prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or
more of
the voting power of our then outstanding voting
stock.
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A
person
is not an interested stockholder if our board of directors approves in advance
the transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested
stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, our board of directors may
provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of
approval, with any terms and conditions determined by our board of
directors.
After
the
five-year prohibition, any business combination between us and an interested
stockholder generally must be recommended by our board of directors and approved
by the affirmative vote of at least:
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80%
of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our then outstanding
shares
of voting stock; and
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two-thirds
of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our voting stock other
than
stock held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose
affiliate
the business combination is to be effected or stock held by an affiliate
or associate of the interested
stockholder.
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These
super-majority vote requirements do not apply if our common stockholders receive
a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form
of
cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the
interested stockholder for its stock.
The
statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business
combinations that are approved by our board of directors before the time that
the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
As
permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law, our board of directors has
adopted a resolution that the business combination provisions of the Maryland
General Corporation Law will not apply to us.
Control
Share Acquisitions
Maryland
law provides that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation acquired in a
“control share acquisition” have no voting rights unless approved by a vote of
two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by
the
acquiror or by officers or directors who are our employees are excluded from
the
shares entitled to vote on the matter. “Control shares” are voting shares that,
if aggregated with all other shares currently owned by the acquiring person,
or
in respect of which the acquiring person is able to exercise or direct the
exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would
entitle the acquiring person to exercise voting power in electing directors
within one of the following ranges of voting power:
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one-tenth
or more but less than one-third;
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one-third
or more but less than a majority;
or
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a
majority or more of all voting
power.
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Control
shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote
as a
result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A “control share
acquisition” means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain
exceptions.
A
person
who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel our
board of directors to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within
50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. The right to
compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the satisfaction of
certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses of the meeting.
If no request for a meeting is made, we may present the question at any
stockholders meeting.
If
voting
rights are not approved at the stockholders meeting or if the acquiring person
does not deliver the statement required by Maryland law, then, subject to
certain conditions and limitations, we may redeem any or all of the control
shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been approved,
for
fair value. Fair value is determined, without regard to the absence of voting
rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share
acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the
voting rights of the shares were considered and not approved. If voting rights
for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror
becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other
stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares for
purposes of these appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per
share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition. The control share
acquisition statute does not apply to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation
or share exchange if we are a party to the transaction, nor does it apply to
acquisitions approved by or exempted by our charter or bylaws.
Our
bylaws contain a provision exempting any and all acquisitions of our shares
of
stock from the control shares provisions of Maryland law. Nothing prevents
our
board of directors from amending or repealing this provision in the
future.
Limitation
of Liability and Indemnification
Our
charter limits, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, the liability
of our directors and officers for money damages, except for liability resulting
from:
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actual
receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services;
or
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a
final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty
by
the director or officer that was material to the cause of action
adjudicated.
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Our
charter authorizes us, and our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent
permitted by Maryland law to indemnify, and to pay or reimburse reasonable
expenses in advance of final disposition of a final proceeding to, any of our
present or former directors or officers or any individual who, while a director
or officer and at our request, serves or has served another corporation, real
estate investment trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit
plan or any other enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee. The
indemnification covers any claim or liability arising from such status against
the person.
Maryland
law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our
charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful
in
the defense of any proceeding to which he is made a party by reason of his
service in that capacity.
Maryland
law permits us to indemnify our present and former directors and officers
against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses
actually incurred by them in any proceeding to which they may be made a party
by
reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is established
that:
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the
act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter
giving rise to the proceeding and (i) was committed in bad faith
or (ii)
was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty;
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the
director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit
of
money, property or services; or
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in
the case of a criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable
cause to believe that the act or omission was
unlawful.
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However,
Maryland law prohibits us from indemnifying our present and former directors
and
officers for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation
or if the director or officer was adjudged to be liable for an improper personal
benefit unless in either case a court orders indemnification and then only
for
expenses. Maryland law requires us, as a condition to advancing expenses in
certain circumstances, to obtain:
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a
written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good
faith
belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for
indemnification; and
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a
written undertaking by him or her, or on his or her behalf, to repay
the
amount paid or reimbursed by us if it is ultimately determined that
the
standard of conduct is not met.
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In
addition, indemnification could reduce the legal remedies available to us and
our stockholders against our officers and directors. The SEC takes the position
that indemnification against liabilities arising under the Securities Act is
against public policy and unenforceable. Indemnification of our directors and
officers will not be allowed for liabilities arising from or out of a violation
of state or federal securities laws, unless one or more of the following
conditions are met:
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there
has been a adjudication on the merits in favor of the director or
officer
on each count involving alleged securities law
violations;
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all
claims against the director or officer have been dismissed with prejudice
on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction;
or
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a
court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims
against the director or officer and finds that indemnification with
respect to the settlement and the related costs should be allowed
after
being advised of the position of the SEC and of the published position
of
any state securities regulatory authority in which the securities
were
offered as to indemnification for violations of securities
laws.
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Meetings
of Stockholders
Special
meetings of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of our board of
directors, our chief executive officer or our president. Subject to the
satisfaction of certain conditions, a special meeting of stockholders may also
be called by our secretary upon the written request of the holders of common
stock entitled to cast not less than a majority of all votes entitled to be
cast
at such meeting. Only matters set forth in the notice of the special meeting
may
be considered and acted upon at such a meeting.
Advance
Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our
bylaws provide that, with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders,
nominations of individuals for election to our board of directors and the
proposal of business to be considered by stockholders at the annual meeting
may
be made only:
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pursuant
to our notice of the meeting;
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by
or at the direction of our board of directors;
or
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by
a stockholder who was a stockholder of record both at the time of
the
giving of notice by the stockholder and at the time of the meeting,
who is
entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the advance
notice
procedures set forth in our bylaws.
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With
respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in
our
notice of meeting may be brought before the meeting of stockholders and
nominations of individuals for election to our board of directors may be made
only:
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pursuant
to our notice of the meeting;
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by
our board of directors; or
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provided
that our board of directors has determined that directors shall be
elected
at such meeting, by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record
both at
the time of the provision of notice and at the time of the meeting
who is
entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the advance
notice
provisions set forth in our bylaws.
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The
purpose of requiring stockholders to give advance notice of nominations and
other proposals is to afford our board of directors the opportunity to consider
the qualifications of the proposed nominees or the advisability of the other
proposals and, to the extent considered necessary by our board of directors,
to
inform stockholders and make recommendations regarding the nominations or other
proposals. The advance notice procedures also permit a more orderly procedure
for conducting our stockholder meetings. Although our bylaws do not give our
board of directors the power to disapprove timely stockholder nominations and
proposals, they may have the effect of precluding a contest for the election
of
directors or proposals for other action if the proper procedures are not
followed, and of discouraging or deterring a third party from conducting a
solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors to our board of
directors or to approve its own proposal.
Possible
Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter
and Bylaws
Subtitle
8 of Title 3 of the Maryland General Corporation Law permits a Maryland
corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and at least three independent directors
to
elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution
of
its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in its charter
or bylaws, to any or all of five of the following provisions:
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a
classified board of directors, meaning that the directors may be
divided
into up to three classes with only one class standing for election
in any
year,
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a
director may be removed only by a two-thirds vote of the
stockholders,
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a
requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of
the
directors,
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a
requirement that a vacancy on the board of directors be filled only
by the
remaining directors and for the new director to serve the remainder
of the
full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred,
and
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a
requirement that stockholder-called special meetings of stockholders
may
only be called by stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding
stock.
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Through
provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already (a)
require a two-thirds vote for the removal of any director from our board, (b)
vest in our board of directors the exclusive power to fix the number of
directorships, (c) require vacancies on the board of directors to be filled
only
by the remaining directors and (d) require that stockholder-called special
meetings of stockholders may only be called by stockholders holding a majority
of our outstanding stock. Further, although we do not currently have a
classified board of directors, Subtitle 8 permits our board of directors,
without stockholder approval and regardless of what is provided in our charter
or bylaws, to implement takeover defenses that we may not yet have, such as
dividing the members of our board of directors into up to three classes with
only one class standing for election in any year.
The
business combination and control share acquisition provisions of Maryland law
(if the applicable provisions in our bylaws are rescinded), the provisions
of
our charter on the removal of directors, the ownership limitations required
to
protect our REIT status, the board of directors’ ability to increase the
aggregate number of shares of capital stock and issue shares of preferred stock
with differing terms and conditions, and the advance notice provisions of our
bylaws could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a transaction
or a change in control that might involve a premium price for you or might
otherwise be in your best interest.
FEDERAL
INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR STATUS AS A REIT
This
section summarizes the federal income tax issues that you, as a holder of our
common stock or Series A Preferred Stock, may consider relevant. Because this
section is a summary, it does not address all aspects of taxation that may
be
relevant to particular holders of our stock in light of their personal
investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of holders that are subject
to special treatment under the federal income tax laws, such as insurance
companies, tax-exempt organizations, financial institutions or broker-dealers,
and non-U.S. individuals and foreign corporations (except to the extent
discussed in “Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders” below).
The
statements in this section are based on the current federal income tax laws
governing qualification as a REIT. We cannot assure you that new laws,
interpretations of law, or court decisions, any of which may take effect
retroactively, will not cause any statement in this section to be
inaccurate.
We
urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences
to you of the purchase, ownership and sale of our stock and of our election
to
be taxed as a REIT. Specifically, you should consult your own tax advisor
regarding the federal, state, local, foreign, and other tax consequences of
such
purchase, ownership, sale and election, and regarding potential changes in
applicable tax laws.
Taxation
of Our Company
We
elected to be taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax laws commencing
with
our short taxable year ended on December 31, 2004. We believe that we are
organized and we operate in such a manner so as to qualify for taxation as
a
REIT under the federal income tax laws, and we intend to continue to operate
in
such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate in a manner
so
as to remain qualified as a REIT. This section discusses the laws governing
the
federal income tax treatment of a REIT. These laws are highly technical and
complex.
Our
continued qualification as a REIT depends on our ability to meet on a continuing
basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests
set
forth in the federal tax laws. Those qualification tests involve the percentage
of income that we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets
that
fall within specified categories, the diversity of our stock ownership, and
the
percentage of our earnings that we distribute. No assurance can be given that
our actual results of operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy
such requirements. We describe the REIT qualification tests in more detail
below. For a discussion of the tax treatment of us and our stockholders if
we
fail to qualify as a REIT, see “—Failure to Qualify.”
As
a
REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the REIT taxable
income that we distribute to our stockholders, but taxable income generated
by
Hypotheca, our taxable REIT subsidiary, will be subject to regular corporate
income tax. The benefit of that tax treatment is that it avoids the double
taxation, or taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels, that
generally applies to distributions by a corporation to its stockholders.
However, we will be subject to federal tax in the following
circumstances:
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We
will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital
gain,
that we do not distribute to stockholders during, or within a specified
time period after, the calendar year in which the income is
earned.
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We
may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on any items of tax
preference that we do not distribute or allocate to
stockholders.
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We
will pay income tax at the highest corporate rate
on:
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net
income from the sale or other disposition of property acquired through
foreclosure, or foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for
sale to
customers in the ordinary course of
business, and
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other
non-qualifying income from foreclosure
property.
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We
will pay a 100% tax on our net income from sales or other dispositions
of
property, other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily
for sale
to customers in the ordinary course of
business.
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If
we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income
test,
as described below under “— Requirements for Qualification —
Gross Income Tests,” and nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT because
we meet other requirements, we will pay a 100% tax
on:
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the
greater of (i) the amount by which we fail the 75% gross income test
or (ii) the amount by which 95% of our gross income exceeds the
amount of our income qualifying under the 95% gross income test,
multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our
profitability.
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In
the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the asset tests,
as
described below under “Requirement for Qualification — Asset Tests,”
as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful
neglect, we file a description of the assets that caused such failure
with
the IRS, and we dispose of the assets or otherwise comply with the
asset
tests within six months after the last day of the quarter in which
we
identify such failure, we will pay a tax equal to the greater of
$50,000
or 35% of the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the
period
in which we failed to satisfy any of the asset
tests.
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In
the event of a failure to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT
qualification, other than the gross income tests or the asset tests,
as
long as such failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful
neglect, we will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each
such
failure.
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If
we fail to distribute during a calendar year at least the sum
of:
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85%
of our REIT ordinary income for the
year,
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95%
of our REIT capital gain net income for the
year, and
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any
undistributed taxable income required to be distributed from earlier
periods,
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we
will
pay a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of the required distribution
over the amount we actually distributed.
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We
may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital
gain.
In that case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate
share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent
that we
make a timely designation of such gain to the stockholder) and would
receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of the tax
we
paid.
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We
will be subject to a 100% excise tax on transactions between us and
a
taxable REIT subsidiary that are not conducted on an arm’s-length
basis.
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If
we acquire any asset from a C corporation, or a corporation that
generally
is subject to full corporate-level tax, in a merger or other transaction
in which we acquire a basis in the asset that is determined by reference
either to the C corporation’s basis in the asset or to another asset, we
will pay tax at the highest regular corporate rate applicable if
we
recognize gain on the sale or disposition of the asset during the
10-year
period after we acquire the asset. The amount of gain on which we
will pay
tax is the lesser of:
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the
amount of gain that we recognize at the time of the sale or
disposition, and
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the
amount of gain that we would have recognized if we had sold the asset
at
the time we acquired it.
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If
we own a residual interest in a REMIC, we will be taxable at the
highest
corporate rate on the portion of any excess inclusion income that
we
derive from the REMIC residual interests equal to the percentage
of our
stock that is held by “disqualified organizations.” Similar rules may
apply if we own an equity interest in a taxable mortgage pool. To
the
extent that we own a REMIC residual interest or an equity interest
in a
taxable mortgage pool through a taxable REIT subsidiary, we will
not be
subject to this tax. For a discussion of “excess inclusion income,” see
“Requirements for Qualification — Organizational Requirements —
Taxable Mortgage Pools.” A “disqualified organization”
includes:
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any
state or political subdivision of the United
States;
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any
foreign government;
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o
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any
international organization;
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any
agency or instrumentality of any of the
foregoing;
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any
other tax-exempt organization, other than a farmer’s cooperative described
in section 521 of the Internal Revenue Code, that is exempt both from
income taxation and from taxation under the unrelated business taxable
income provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code; and
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any
rural electrical or telephone
cooperative.
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For
this
reason, our charter prohibits disqualified organizations from owning our
stock.
Requirements
for Qualification
Organizational
Requirements
A
REIT is
a corporation, trust, or association that meets each of the following
requirements:
(1)
It is
managed by one or more trustees or directors.
(2)
Its
beneficial ownership is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable
certificates of beneficial interest.
(3)
It
would be taxable as a domestic corporation, but for the REIT provisions of
the
federal income tax laws.
(4)
It is
neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to special
provisions of the federal income tax laws.
(5)
At
least 100 persons are beneficial owners of its shares or ownership
certificates.
(6)
Not
more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares or ownership certificates
is
owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals, which the federal
income tax laws define to include certain entities, during the last half of
any
taxable year.
(7)
It
elects to be a REIT, or has made such election for a previous taxable year,
and
satisfies all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established
by the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain REIT status.
(8)
It
meets certain other qualification tests, described below, regarding the nature
of its income and assets and the distribution of its income.
We
must
meet requirements 1 through 4 during our entire taxable year and must meet
requirement 5 during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months,
or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months.
Requirements 5 and 6 applied to us beginning with our 2005 taxable year. If
we
comply with all the requirements for ascertaining the ownership of our
outstanding stock in a taxable year and have no reason to know that we violated
requirement 6, we will be deemed to have satisfied requirement 6 for that
taxable year. For purposes of determining share ownership under
requirement 6, an “individual” generally includes a supplemental
unemployment compensation benefits plan, a private foundation, or a portion
of a
trust permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes. An
“individual,” however, generally does not include a trust that is a qualified
employee pension or profit sharing trust under the federal income tax laws,
and
beneficiaries of such a trust will be treated as holding our stock in proportion
to their actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of requirement
6.
We
believe that we have issued sufficient stock with sufficient diversity of
ownership to satisfy requirements 5 and 6. In addition, our charter restricts
the ownership and transfer of our stock so that we should continue to satisfy
these requirements. The provisions of our charter restricting the ownership
and
transfer of our stock are described in “Description of Capital Stock —
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.”
Qualified
REIT Subsidiaries.
A
corporation that is a “qualified REIT subsidiary” is not treated as a
corporation separate from its parent REIT. All assets, liabilities, and items
of
income, deduction, and credit of a “qualified REIT subsidiary” are treated as
assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of the REIT.
A
“qualified REIT subsidiary” is a corporation all of the capital stock of which
is owned by the REIT and that has not elected to be a taxable REIT subsidiary.
Thus, in applying the requirements described herein, any “qualified REIT
subsidiary” that we own will be ignored, and all assets, liabilities, and items
of income, deduction, and credit of such subsidiary will be treated as our
assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit.
Other
Disregarded Entities and Partnerships.
An
unincorporated domestic entity, such as a partnership or limited liability
company, that has a single owner, generally is not treated as an entity separate
from its parent for federal income tax purposes. An unincorporated domestic
entity with two or more owners generally is treated as a partnership for federal
income tax purposes. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership
that has other partners, the REIT is treated as owning its proportionate share
of the assets of the partnership and as earning its allocable share of the
gross
income of the partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT qualification
tests. For purposes of the 10% value test (described in “— Asset Tests”),
our proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the equity
interests and certain debt securities issued by the partnership. For all of
the
other asset and income tests, our proportionate share is based on our
proportionate interest in the capital interests in the partnership. Thus, our
proportionate share of the assets, liabilities, and items of income of any
partnership, joint venture, or limited liability company that is treated as
a
partnership for federal income tax purposes in which we acquire an interest,
directly or indirectly, will be treated as our assets and gross income for
purposes of applying the various REIT qualification requirements.
Taxable
REIT Subsidiaries.
A REIT
is permitted to own up to 100% of the stock of one or more “taxable REIT
subsidiaries,” or TRSs. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation that may earn
income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent
REIT. The subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary
as
a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than 35%
of
the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS.
Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock
or securities of one or more TRSs.
A
TRS
will pay income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns.
In
addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued
by a
TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate
level
of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on
transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT or the REIT’s tenants that are
not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. We have elected to treat Hypotheca and
its wholly owned subsidiary, The New York Mortgage Company, Inc., as TRSs.
Hypotheca is subject to corporate income tax on its taxable income. See
“— Taxable REIT Subsidiaries.”
Taxable
Mortgage Pools.
An
entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a taxable mortgage
pool
under the Internal Revenue Code if:
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substantially
all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt
obligations;
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more
than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgage loans
or
interests in real estate mortgage loans as of specified testing
dates;
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the
entity has issued debt obligations that have two or more
maturities; and
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the
payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations
“bear a
relationship” to the payments to be received by the entity on the debt
obligations that it holds as assets.
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Under
U.S. Treasury regulations, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or
a portion of an entity) consist of debt obligations, these debt obligations
are
considered not to comprise “substantially all” of its assets, and therefore the
entity would not be treated as a taxable mortgage pool.
We
may
make investments or enter into financing and securitization transactions
that
give rise to our being considered to be, or to own an interest in, one or
more
taxable mortgage pools. Where an entity, or a portion of an entity, is
classified as a taxable mortgage pool, it is generally treated as a taxable
corporation for federal income tax purposes. However, special rules apply
to a
REIT, a portion of a REIT, or a qualified REIT subsidiary, that is a taxable
mortgage pool. The portion of the REIT’s assets, held directly or through a
qualified REIT subsidiary, that qualifies as a taxable mortgage pool is treated
as a qualified REIT subsidiary that is not subject to corporate income tax,
and
the taxable mortgage pool classification does not affect the tax status of
the
REIT. Rather, the consequences of the taxable mortgage pool classification
would
generally, except as described below, be limited to the REIT’s stockholders. The
Treasury Department has yet to issue regulations governing the tax treatment
of
the stockholders of a REIT that owns an interest in a taxable mortgage
pool.
A
portion
of our income from a taxable mortgage pool arrangement, which might be non-cash
accrued income, or “phantom” taxable income, could be treated as “excess
inclusion income.” Excess inclusion income is an amount, with respect to any
calendar quarter, equal to the excess, if any, of (i) income allocable to
the holder of a REMIC residual interest or taxable mortgage pool interest
over
(ii) the sum of an amount for each day in the calendar quarter equal to the
product of (a) the adjusted issue price at the beginning of the quarter
multiplied by (b) 120% of the long-term federal rate (determined on the
basis of compounding at the close of each calendar quarter and properly adjusted
for the length of such quarter). This non-cash or “phantom” income is subject to
the distribution requirements that apply to us and could therefore adversely
affect our liquidity. See “— Distribution Requirements.”
Our
excess inclusion income would be allocated among our stockholders. A
stockholder’s share of excess inclusion income (i) would not be allowed to
be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder,
(ii) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the
hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from
federal income tax, and (iii) would result in the application of
U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without
reduction for any otherwise applicable income tax treaty, to the extent
allocable to most types of foreign stockholders. See “—Taxation of Non-U.S.
Stockholders.” The manner in which excess inclusion income would be allocated
among shares of different classes of our stock or how such income is to be
reported to stockholders is not clear under current law. Tax-exempt investors,
foreign investors, and taxpayers with net operating losses should carefully
consider the tax consequences described above and are urged to consult their
tax
advisors in connection with their decision to invest in our stock.
If
we
were to own less than 100% of the ownership interests in an entity that is
classified as a taxable mortgage pool, the foregoing rules would not apply.
Rather, the entity would be treated as a corporation for federal income tax
purposes, and its income would be subject to corporate income tax. In addition,
this characterization would alter our REIT income and asset test calculations
and could adversely affect our compliance with those requirements. We currently
do not own, and currently do not intend to own some, but less than all, of
the
ownership interests in an entity that is or will become a taxable mortgage
pool,
and we intend to monitor the structure of any taxable mortgage pools in which
we
have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our status
as a
REIT.
Gross
Income Tests
We
must
satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain our qualification as
a REIT.
First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist
of
defined types of income that we derive, directly or indirectly, from investments
relating to real property or mortgage loans on real property or qualified
temporary investment income. Qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross
income test generally includes:
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rents
from real property;
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interest
on debt secured by a mortgage on real property, or on interests
in real
property;
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dividends
or other distributions on, and gain from the sale of, shares in
other
REITs;
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gain
from the sale of real estate
assets;
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amounts,
such as commitment fees, received in consideration for entering
into an
agreement to make a loan secured by real property, unless such
amounts are
determined by income and profits;
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income
derived from a REMIC in proportion to the real estate assets held
by the
REMIC, unless at least 95% of the REMIC’s assets are real estate assets,
in which case all of the income derived from the
REMIC; and
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income
derived from the temporary investment of new capital that is attributable
to the issuance of our stock or a public offering of our debt with
a
maturity date of at least five years and that we receive during
the
one-year period beginning on the date on which we received such
new
capital.
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Second,
in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist
of income that is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income
test,
other types of interest and dividends, gain from the sale or disposition
of
stock or securities or any combination of these. Gross income from servicing
and
loan origination fees is not qualifying income for purposes of either gross
income test. In addition, gross income from our sale of property that we
hold
primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is excluded
from both the numerator and the denominator in both income tests. For taxable
years beginning on and after January 1, 2005, income and gain from “hedging
transactions,” as defined in “— Hedging Transactions,” that we enter into
to hedge indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real
estate
assets and that are clearly and timely identified as such are excluded from
both
the numerator and the denominator for purposes of the 95% gross income test
(but
not the 75% gross income test). We will monitor the amount of our nonqualifying
income and we will manage our portfolio to comply at all times with the gross
income tests. The following paragraphs discuss the specific application of
the
gross income tests to us.
Interest.
The
term “interest,” as defined for purposes of both gross income tests, generally
excludes any amount that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits
of any person. However, interest generally includes the following:
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an
amount that is based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts
or
sales; and
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an
amount that is based on the income or profits of a debtor, as long
as the
debtor derives substantially all of its income from the real property
securing the debt from leasing substantially all of its interest
in the
property, and only to the extent that the amounts received by the
debtor
would be qualifying “rents from real property” if received directly by a
REIT.
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If
a loan
contains a provision that entitles a REIT to a percentage of the borrower’s gain
upon the sale of the real property securing the loan or a percentage of the
appreciation in the property’s value as of a specific date, income attributable
to that loan provision will be treated as gain from the sale of the property
securing the loan, which generally is qualifying income for purposes of both
gross income tests.
Interest
on debt secured by a mortgage on real property or on interests in real property,
including, for this purpose, discount points, prepayment penalties, loan
assumption fees, and late payment charges that are not compensation for
services, generally is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income
test. However, if the highest principal amount of a loan outstanding during
a
taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property securing
the
loan as of the date the REIT agreed to originate or acquire the loan, a portion
of the interest income from such loan will not be qualifying income for purposes
of the 75% gross income test, but will be qualifying income for purposes
of the
95% gross income test. The portion of the interest income that will not be
qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test will be equal
to the
portion of the principal amount of the loan that is not secured by real
property — that is, the amount by which the loan exceeds the value of the
real estate that is security for the loan.
The
interest, original issue discount, and market discount income that we receive
from our mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities generally will be
qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. However, as discussed
above, if the fair market value of the real estate securing any of our loans
is
less than the principal amount of the loan, a portion of the income from
that
loan will be qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test
but not
the 75% gross income test.
Dividends.
Our
share of any dividends received from any corporation (including Hypotheca
and
any other TRS, but excluding any REIT) in which we own an equity interest
will
qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test but not for purposes of
the
75% gross income test. Our share of any dividends received from any other
REIT
in which we own an equity interest will be qualifying income for purposes
of
both gross income tests.
Rents
from Real Property.
We do
not hold and do not intend to acquire any real property with the proceeds
of
this offering, but we may acquire real property or an interest therein in
the
future. To the extent that we acquire real property or an interest therein,
rents we receive will qualify as “rents from real property” in satisfying the
gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if the following
conditions are met:
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First,
the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the
income or
profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued generally
will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason
of
being based on fixed percentages of receipts or
sales.
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Second,
rents we receive from a “related party tenant” will not qualify as rents
from real property in satisfying the gross income tests unless
the tenant
is a TRS, at least 90% of the property is leased to unrelated tenants
and
the rent paid by the TRS is substantially comparable to the rent
paid by
the unrelated tenants for comparable space and the rent is not
attributable to a modification of a lease with a controlled TRS
(i.e., a
TRS in which we own directly or indirectly more than 50% of the
voting
power or value of the stock). A tenant is a related party tenant
if the
REIT, or an actual or constructive owner of 10% or more of the
REIT,
actually or constructively owns 10% or more of the
tenant.
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Third,
if rent attributable to personal property, leased in connection
with a
lease of real property, is greater than 15% of the total rent received
under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to the personal
property will not qualify as rents from real
property.
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Fourth,
we generally must not operate or manage our real property or furnish
or
render noncustomary services to our tenants, other than through
an
“independent contractor” who is adequately compensated and from whom we do
not derive revenue. However, we may provide services directly to
tenants
if the services are “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with
the rental of space for occupancy only and are not considered to
be
provided for the tenants’ convenience. In addition, we may provide a
minimal amount of “noncustomary” services to the tenants of a property,
other than through an independent contractor, as long as our income
from
the services does not exceed 1% of our income from the related
property.
Furthermore, we may own up to 100% of the stock of a TRS, which
may
provide customary and noncustomary services to tenants without
tainting
its rental income from the related
properties.
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Hedging
Transactions.
From
time to time, we enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more
of
our assets or liabilities. Our hedging activities may include entering into
interest rate swaps, caps, and floors, options to purchase these items, and
futures and forward contracts. Income and gain from “hedging transactions” is
excluded from gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test (but
not
the 75% gross income test). A “hedging transaction” includes any transaction
entered into in the normal course of our trade or business primarily to manage
the risk of interest rate changes, price changes, or currency fluctuations
with
respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred
or to
be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets. We are required to clearly
identify any such hedging transaction before the close of the day on which
it
was acquired, originated, or entered into. To the extent that we hedge or
for
other purposes, or to the extent that a portion of our mortgage loans is
not
secured by “real estate assets” (as described below under “— Asset Tests”)
or in other situations, the income from those transactions is not likely
to be
treated as qualifying income for purposes of the gross income tests. We have
structured and intend to continue to structure any hedging transactions in
a
manner that does not jeopardize our status as a REIT.
Prohibited
Transactions.
A REIT
will incur a 100% tax on the net income derived from any sale or other
disposition of property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds
primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.
We believe that none of our assets will be held primarily for sale to customers
and that a sale of any of our assets will not be in the ordinary course of
our
business. Whether a REIT holds an asset “primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of a trade or business” depends, however, on the facts and
circumstances in effect from time to time, including those related to a
particular asset. Nevertheless, we will attempt to comply with the terms
of
safe-harbor provisions in the federal income tax laws prescribing when an
asset
sale will not be characterized as a prohibited transaction. We cannot assure
you, however, that we can comply with the safe-harbor provisions or that
we will
avoid owning property that may be characterized as property that we hold
“primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.”
To the extent necessary to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we will
conduct sales of our loans through Hypotheca or one of our other taxable
REIT
subsidiaries.
It
is our
current intention that our securitizations of our mortgage loans will not
be
treated as sales for tax purposes. If we were to transfer mortgage loans
to a
REMIC, this transfer would be treated as a sale for tax purposes and the
sale
may be subject to the prohibited transactions tax. As a result, we intend
to
securitize our mortgage loans only in non-REMIC transactions.
Foreclosure
Property.
We will
be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate on any income from foreclosure
property, other than income that otherwise would be qualifying income for
purposes of the 75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected with
the
production of that income. However, gross income from foreclosure property
will
qualify under the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Foreclosure property is
any
real property, including interests in real property, and any personal property
incident to such real property:
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that
is acquired by a REIT as the result of the REIT having bid on such
property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced such property
to
ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after there
was a
default or default was imminent on a lease of such property or
on
indebtedness that such property
secured;
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for
which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time
when
the default was not imminent or anticipated;
and
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for
which the REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as
foreclosure property.
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However,
a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a property where the
REIT
takes control of the property as a mortgagee-in-possession and cannot receive
any profit or sustain any loss except as a creditor of the mortgagor. Property
generally ceases to be foreclosure property at the end of the third taxable
year
following the taxable year in which the REIT acquired the property, or longer
if
an extension is granted by the Secretary of the Treasury. This grace period
terminates and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure property on
the
first day:
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on
which a lease is entered into for the property that, by its terms,
will
give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75%
gross
income test, or any amount is received or accrued, directly or
indirectly,
pursuant to a lease entered into on or after such day that will
give rise
to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income
test;
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on
which any construction takes place on the property, other than
completion
of a building or any other improvement, where more than 10% of
the
construction was completed before default became
imminent; or
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which
is more than 90 days after the day on which the REIT acquired the
property and the property is used in a trade or business which
is
conducted by the REIT, other than through an independent contractor
from
whom the REIT itself does not derive or receive any
income.
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Failure
to Satisfy Gross Income Tests.
If we
fail to satisfy one or both of the gross income tests for any taxable year,
we
nevertheless may qualify as a REIT for that year if we qualify for relief
under
certain provisions of the federal income tax laws. Those relief provisions
generally will be available if:
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our
failure to meet such tests was due to reasonable cause and not
due to
willful neglect; and
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following
such failure for any taxable year, a schedule of the sources of
our income
is filed with the IRS.
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We
cannot
predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would qualify for the relief
provisions. In addition, as discussed above in “— Taxation of Our Company,”
even if the relief provisions apply, we would incur a 100% tax on the gross
income attributable to the greater of (i) the amount by which we fail the
75% gross income test or (ii) the amount by which 95% of our gross income
exceeds the amount of our income qualifying under the 95% gross income test,
multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.
Asset
Tests
To
qualify as a REIT, we also must satisfy the following asset tests at the
end of
each quarter of each taxable year. First, at least 75% of the value of our
total
assets must consist of:
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cash
or cash items, including certain
receivables;
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interests
in real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real
property and leaseholds;
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interests
in mortgage loans secured by real
property;
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investments
in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following
our
receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings or
public
offerings of debt with at least a five-year
term; and
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regular
or residual interests in a REMIC. However, if less than 95% of
the assets
of a REMIC consists of assets that are qualifying real estate-related
assets under the federal income tax laws, determined as if we held
such
assets, we will be treated as holding directly our proportionate
share of
the assets of such REMIC.
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Second,
of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, the value of our
interest in any one issuer’s securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our
total assets.
Third,
of
our investments not included in the 75% asset class, we may not own more
than
10% of the voting power or value of any one issuer’s outstanding
securities.
Fourth,
no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities
of one or more TRSs.
Fifth,
no
more than 25% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities
of
TRSs and other non-TRS taxable subsidiaries and other assets that are not
qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
For
purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term “securities” does not
include stock in another REIT, equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT
subsidiary or TRS, mortgage loans that constitute real estate assets, or
equity
interests in a partnership. For purposes of the 10% value test, the term
“securities” does not include:
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“Straight
debt” securities, which is defined as a written unconditional promise
to
pay on demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money if
(i) the debt is not convertible, directly or indirectly, into stock,
and (ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates are not
contingent on profits, the borrower’s discretion, or similar factors.
“Straight debt” securities do not include any securities issued by a
partnership or a corporation in which we or any controlled TRS
(i.e., a
TRS in which we own directly or indirectly more than 50% of the
voting
power or value of the stock) hold non-“straight debt” securities that have
an aggregate value of more than 1% of the issuer’s outstanding securities.
However, “straight debt” securities include debt subject to the following
contingencies:
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a
contingency relating to the time of payment of interest or principal,
as
long as either (i) there is no change to the effective yield of the
debt obligation, other than a change to the annual yield that does
not
exceed the greater of 0.25% or 5% of the annual yield, or
(ii) neither the aggregate issue price nor the aggregate face amount
of the issuer’s debt obligations held by us exceeds $1 million and no
more than 12 months of unaccrued interest on the debt obligations can
be required to be prepaid; and
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a
contingency relating to the time or amount of payment upon a default
or
prepayment of a debt obligation, as long as the contingency is
consistent
with customary commercial practice.
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Any
loan to an individual or an estate.
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Any
“section 467 rental agreement,” other than an agreement with a
related party tenant.
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Any
obligation to pay “rents from real
property.”
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Certain
securities issued by governmental
entities.
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Any
security issued by a REIT.
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Any
debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for federal
income
tax purposes to the extent of our interest as a partner in the
partnership.
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Any
debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for federal
income
tax purposes not described in the preceding bullet points if at
least 75%
of the partnership’s gross income, excluding income from prohibited
transactions, is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross
income
test described above in “— Requirements for Qualification —
Gross Income Tests.”
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The
asset
tests described above are based on our gross assets. For federal income tax
purposes, we will be treated as owning both the loans we hold directly and
the
loans that we have securitized through non-REMIC debt securitizations. Although
we will have a partially offsetting obligation with respect to the securities
issued pursuant to the securitizations, these offsetting obligations will
not
reduce the gross assets we are considered to own for purposes of the asset
tests.
We
believe that all or substantially all of the mortgage loans and mortgage-backed
securities that we own are qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset
test.
For purposes of these rules, however, if the outstanding principal balance
of a
mortgage loan exceeds the fair market value of the real property securing
the
loan, a portion of such loan likely will not be a qualifying real estate
asset
under the federal income tax laws. Although the law on the matter is not
entirely clear, it appears that the non-qualifying portion of that mortgage
loan
will be equal to the portion of the loan amount that exceeds the value of
the
associated real property that is security for that loan. To the extent that
we
own debt securities issued by other REITs or C corporations that are not
secured
by a mortgage on real property, those debt securities will not be qualifying
assets for purposes of the 75% asset test. Instead, we would be subject to
the
second, third and fifth asset tests with respect to those debt
securities.
We
will
monitor the status of our assets for purposes of the various asset tests
and
will seek to manage our portfolio to comply at all times with such tests.
There
can be no assurance, however, that we will be successful in this effort.
In this
regard, to determine our compliance with these requirements, we will need
to
estimate the value of the real estate securing our mortgage loans at various
times. Although we will seek to be prudent in making these estimates, there
can
be no assurances that the IRS might not disagree with these determinations
and
assert that a lower value is applicable. If we fail to satisfy the asset
tests
at the end of a calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT status
if:
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we
satisfied the asset tests at the end of the preceding calendar
quarter; and
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the
discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test
requirements arose from changes in the market values of our assets
and was
not wholly or partly caused by the acquisition of one or more
non-qualifying assets.
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If
we did
not satisfy the condition described in the second item, above, we still could
avoid disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after
the close of the calendar quarter in which it arose.
In
the
event that, at the end of any calendar quarter, we violate the second or
third
asset tests described above, we will not lose our REIT status if (i) the
failure is de minimis (up to the lesser of 1% of our assets or $10 million)
and (ii) we dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests
within six months after the last day of the quarter in which we identify
such
failure. In the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the asset
tests, as long as the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful
neglect, we will not lose our REIT status if we (i) dispose of assets or
otherwise comply with the asset tests within six months after the last day
of
the quarter in which we identify such failure (ii) file a description of
the assets that caused such failure with the IRS, and (iii) pay a tax equal
to the greater of $50,000 or 35% of the net income from the nonqualifying
assets
during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset tests.
We
currently believe that the loans, securities and other assets that we hold
satisfy the foregoing asset test requirements. However, no independent
appraisals have been or will be obtained to support our conclusions as to
the
value of our assets and securities, or in many cases, the real estate collateral
for the mortgage loans that we hold. Moreover, the values of some assets
may not
be susceptible to a precise determination. As a result, there can be no
assurance that the IRS will not contend that our ownership of securities
and
other assets violates one or more of the asset tests applicable to
REITs.
Distribution
Requirements
Each
taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends
and deemed distributions of retained capital gain, to our stockholders in
an
aggregate amount at least equal to:
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90%
of our “REIT taxable income,” computed without regard to the dividends
paid deduction and our net capital gain or loss,
and
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90%
of our after-tax net income, if any, from foreclosure property,
minus
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the
sum of certain items of non-cash
income.
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We
must
pay such distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the
following taxable year if we declare the distribution before we timely file
our
federal income tax return for the year and pay the distribution on or before
the
first regular dividend payment date after such declaration.
We
will
pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that
we do
not distribute to stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during
a
calendar year, or by the end of January following the calendar year in the
case
of distributions with declaration and record dates falling in the last three
months of the calendar year, at least the sum of:
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85%
of our REIT ordinary income for such
year,
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95%
of our REIT capital gain income for such
year, and
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any
undistributed taxable income from prior
periods,
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we
will
incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution
over the amounts we actually distribute. We may elect to retain and pay income
tax on the net long-term capital gain we receive in a taxable year. If we
so
elect, we will be treated as having distributed any such retained amount
for
purposes of the 4% nondeductible excise tax described above. We intend to
continue to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual
distribution requirements and to avoid corporate income tax and the 4%
nondeductible excise tax.
It
is
possible that, from time to time, we may experience timing differences between
the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses and
the
inclusion of that income and deduction of such expenses in arriving at our
REIT
taxable income. Possible examples of those timing differences include the
following:
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Because
we may deduct capital losses only to the extent of our capital
gains, we
may have taxable income that exceeds our economic
income.
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We
will recognize taxable income in advance of the related cash flow
if any
of our mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities are deemed
to have
original issue discount. We generally must accrue original issue
discount
based on a constant yield method that takes into account projected
prepayments but that defers taking into account credit losses until
they
are actually incurred.
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We
may recognize taxable market discount income when we receive the
proceeds
from the disposition of, or principal payments on, loans that have
a
stated redemption price at maturity that is greater than our tax
basis in
those loans, although such proceeds often will be used to make
non-deductible principal payments on related
borrowings.
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We
may recognize taxable income without receiving a corresponding
cash
distribution if we foreclose on or make a significant modification
to a
loan, to the extent that the fair market value of the underlying
property
or the principal amount of the modified loan, as applicable, exceeds
our
basis in the original loan.
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We
may recognize phantom taxable income from any residual interests
in REMICs
or retained ownership interests in mortgage loans subject to
collateralized mortgage obligation
debt.
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Although
several types of non-cash income are excluded in determining the annual
distribution requirement, we will incur corporate income tax and the 4%
nondeductible excise tax with respect to those non-cash income items if we
do
not distribute those items on a current basis. As a result of the foregoing,
we
may have less cash than is necessary to distribute all of our taxable income
and
thereby avoid corporate income tax and the excise tax imposed on certain
undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow funds or
issue
additional common or preferred stock.
Under
certain circumstances, we may be able to correct a failure to meet the
distribution requirement for a year by paying “deficiency dividends” to our
stockholders in a later year. We may include such deficiency dividends in
our
deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Although we may be able
to
avoid income tax on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, we will
be
required to pay interest to the IRS based upon the amount of any deduction
we
take for deficiency dividends.
Recordkeeping
Requirements
We
must
maintain certain records in order to qualify as a REIT. In addition, to avoid
a
monetary penalty, we must request on an annual basis information from our
stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding
stock.
We intend to comply with these requirements.
Failure
to Qualify
If
we
fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than
the
gross income tests and the asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if
our
failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay
a
penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. In addition, there are relief
provisions for a failure of the gross income tests and asset tests, as described
in “— Requirements for Qualification — Gross Income Tests” and
“— Requirements for Qualification — Asset Tests.”
If
we
fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and no relief provision applies,
we would be subject to federal income tax and any applicable alternative
minimum
tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. In calculating our
taxable
income in a year in which we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be able
to
deduct amounts paid out to stockholders. In fact, we would not be required
to
distribute any amounts to stockholders in that year. In such event, to the
extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions
to
stockholders would be taxable as ordinary income. Subject to certain limitations
of the federal income tax laws, corporate stockholders might be eligible
for the
dividends received deduction and domestic non-corporate stockholders might
be
eligible for the reduced federal income tax rate of 15% on such dividends.
Unless we qualified for relief under specific statutory provisions, we also
would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years
following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. We cannot
predict whether in all circumstances we would qualify for such statutory
relief.
Taxation
of Taxable U.S. Stockholders
The
term
“U.S. stockholder” means a holder of our stock that, for United States federal
income tax purposes, is:
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a
citizen or resident of the United
States;
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a
corporation or partnership (including an entity treated as a corporation
or partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or
organized
under the laws of the United States or of a political subdivision
of the
United States;
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an
estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation
regardless
of its source; or
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any
trust if (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision
over the
administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have
the
authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or
(ii) it has
a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S.
person.
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As
long
as we qualify as a REIT, a taxable “U.S. stockholder” must take into account as
ordinary income distributions made out of our current or accumulated earnings
and profits that we do not designate as capital gain dividends or retained
long-term capital gain. A U.S. stockholder will not qualify for the dividends
received deduction generally available to corporations. In addition, dividends
paid to a U.S. stockholder generally will not qualify for the 15% tax rate
for
“qualified dividend income.” Qualified dividend income generally includes
dividends paid by domestic C corporations and certain qualified foreign
corporations to most U.S. noncorporate stockholders. Because we are not
generally subject to federal income tax on the portion of our REIT taxable
income distributed to our stockholders, our dividends generally will not
be
eligible for the new 15% rate on qualified dividend income. As a result,
our
ordinary REIT dividends will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rate
applicable to ordinary income. Currently, the highest marginal individual
income
tax rate on ordinary income is 35%. However, the 15% tax rate for qualified
dividend income will apply to our ordinary REIT dividends, if any, that are
(i)
attributable to dividends received by us from non-REIT corporations, such
as our
TRSs, and (ii) attributable to income upon which we have paid corporate income
tax (e.g., to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our taxable
income). In general, to qualify for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend
income, a stockholder must hold our stock for more than 60 days during the
120-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which
our stock becomes ex-dividend.
If
we
declare a distribution in October, November, or December of any year that
is
payable to a U.S. stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month,
such distribution shall be treated as both paid by us and received by the
U.S.
stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the
distribution during January of the following calendar year.
We
may
elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain that
we
recognize in a taxable year. In that case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed
on
its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain. The
U.S.
stockholder would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share
of the
tax we paid. The U.S. stockholder would increase the basis in its stock by
the
amount of its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital
gain,
minus its share of the tax we paid.
A
U.S.
stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current
and
accumulated earnings and profits if the distribution does not exceed the
adjusted basis of the U.S. stockholder’s stock. Instead, the distribution will
reduce the adjusted basis of such stock. A U.S. stockholder will recognize
a
distribution in excess of both our current and accumulated earnings and profits
and the U.S. stockholder’s adjusted basis in his or her stock as long-term
capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the stock has been held for one
year
or less, assuming the stock is a capital asset in the hands of the U.S.
stockholder.
Stockholders
may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating
losses or capital losses. Instead, these losses are generally carried over
by us
for potential offset against our future income. Taxable distributions from
us
and gain from the disposition of our stock will not be treated as passive
activity income and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be able to
apply
any “passive activity losses,” such as losses from certain types of limited
partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner, against such
income.
In addition, taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition
of our
stock generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of the
investment interest limitations. We will notify stockholders after the close
of
our taxable year as to the portions of the distributions attributable to
that
year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital, and capital
gain.
Our
excess inclusion income generally will be allocated among our stockholders
to
the extent that it exceeds our REIT taxable income in a particular year.
A
stockholder’s share of excess inclusion income would not be allowed to be offset
by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder.
Taxation
of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Our
Stock
In
general, a U.S. stockholder who is not a dealer in securities must treat
any
gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of our stock as long-term
capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the stock for more
than
one year and otherwise as short-term capital gain or loss. However, a U.S.
stockholder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of stock held by
such
stockholder for six-months or less as a long-term capital loss to the extent
of
capital gain dividends and any other actual or deemed distributions from
us that
such U.S. stockholder treats as long-term capital gain. All or a portion
of any
loss that a U.S. stockholder realizes upon a taxable disposition of the stock
may be disallowed if the U.S. stockholder purchases substantially identical
stock within 30 days before or after the disposition.
Capital
Gains and Losses
A
taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain
or
loss derived from its sale or exchange to be treated as long-term capital
gain
or loss. The highest marginal individual income tax rate currently is 35%
(which
rate will apply for the period from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2010).
The
maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain applicable to non-corporate taxpayers
is 15% through December 31, 2008. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital
gain
from the sale or exchange of “section 1250 property,” or depreciable real
property, is 25% to the extent that such gain would have been treated as
ordinary income if the property were “section 1245 property.” With respect to
distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained
capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we generally may designate
whether such a distribution is taxable to our non-corporate stockholders
at a
15% or 25% rate. Thus, the tax rate differential between capital gain and
ordinary income for non-corporate taxpayers may be significant. In addition,
the
characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect
the
deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital
losses not offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to
a
maximum annual amount of $3,000 ($1,500 for married individuals filing separate
returns). A non-corporate taxpayer may carry forward unused capital losses
indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer must pay tax on its net capital gain at
ordinary corporate rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses
only to
the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried back three
years
and forward five years.
Information
Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
We
will
report to our stockholders and to the IRS the amount of dividends we pay
during
each calendar year, and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the
backup
withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at
a rate
of 28% with respect to distributions unless the holder:
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is
a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories
and, when
required, demonstrates this fact;
or
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provides
a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of
exemption
from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable
requirements of the backup withholding
rules.
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A
stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification
number also may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS, Any amount
paid as
backup withholding will be creditable against the stockholder’s income tax
liability. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital
gain
distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign
status
to us. For a discussion of the backup withholding rules as applied to non-U.S.
stockholders, see “—Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders.”
Taxation
of Non-U.S. Stockholders
The
rules
governing U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals,
foreign
corporations, foreign partnerships, and other foreign stockholders are
complex.
This section is only a summary of such rules. We urge non-U.S. stockholders
to
consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, foreign,
state, and local income tax laws on ownership of our stock, including any
reporting requirements.
A
non-U.S. stockholder that receives a distribution that is not attributable
to
gain from our sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests, as defined
below, and that we do not designate as a capital gain dividend or retained
capital gain will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we pay the
distribution out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A
withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution ordinarily
will apply unless an applicable tax treaty reduces or eliminates the tax.
However, if a distribution is treated as effectively connected with the
non-U.S.
stockholder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S. stockholder
generally will be subject to federal income tax on the distribution at
graduated
rates, in the same manner as U.S. stockholders are taxed on distributions
and
also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a corporate
non-U.S. stockholder. We plan to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of
30% on
the gross amount of any ordinary dividend paid to a non-U.S. stockholder
unless
either:
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a
lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder files
an IRS Form
W-8BEN evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate with us,
or
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the
non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming
that the
distribution is effectively connected
income.
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However,
reduced treaty rates are not available to the extent that the income allocated
to the foreign stockholder is excess inclusion income. Our excess inclusion
income generally will be allocated among our stockholders to the extent
that it
exceeds our REIT taxable income in a particular year.
A
non-U.S. stockholder will not incur U.S. tax on a distribution in excess
of our
current and accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of the
distribution does not exceed the adjusted basis of its stock. Instead,
the
excess portion of the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of that
stock.
A non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to tax on a distribution that exceeds
both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted
basis of
the stock, if the non-U.S. stockholder otherwise would be subject to tax
on gain
from the sale or disposition of its stock, as described below. Because
we
generally cannot determine at the time we make a distribution whether or
not the
distribution will exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits,
we
normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of any distribution at
the same
rate as we would withhold on a dividend. However, by filing a U.S. tax
return, a
non-U.S. stockholder may obtain a refund of amounts that we withhold of
we later
determine that a distribution in fact exceeded our current and accumulated
earnings and profits.
We
must
withhold 10% of any distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated
earnings and profits. Consequently, although we intend to withhold at a
rate of
30% on the entire amount of any distribution, to the extent that we do
not do
so, we will withhold at a rate of 10% on any portion of a distribution
not
subject to withholding at a rate of 30%.
For
any
year in which we qualify as a REIT, a non-U.S. stockholder could incur
tax on
distributions that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of
“U.S.
real property interests” under special provisions of the federal income tax laws
known as FIRPTA. The term “U.S. real property interests” includes interests in
real property and shares in corporations at least 50% of whose assets consist
of
interests in real property. We do not expect to make significant distributions
that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of U.S. real property
interests. Moreover, any distributions that are attributable to our sale of real
property will not be subject to FIRPTA, but instead will be treated as
ordinary
dividends as long as (1) our shares of stock are “regularly traded” on an
established securities market in the United States and (2) the non-U.S.
stockholder did not own more than 5% of the class of our stock on which
the
distribution is made during the one-year period ending on the date of the
distribution. If, however, we were to make a distribution that is attributable
to gain from our sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests and a
non-U.S.
stockholder were subject to FIRPTA on that distribution, the non-U.S.
stockholder would be taxed on the distribution as if such amount were
effectively connected with a U.S. business of the non-U.S. Holder. A non-U.S.
stockholder thus would be taxed on such a distribution at the normal capital
gains rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject to applicable alternative
minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of a nonresident
alien individual . A non-U.S. corporate stockholder not entitled to treaty
relief or exemption also could be subject to the 30% branch profits tax
on such
a distribution. We must withhold 35% of any distribution that we could
designate
as a capital gain dividend. A non-U.S. stockholder would receive a credit
against its U.S. federal income tax liability for any amount we
withhold.
A
non-U.S. stockholder should not incur a tax under FIRPTA on gains from
the
disposition of our stock because we are not and do not expect to be a U.S.
real
property holding corporation, or a corporation the fair market value of
whose
U.S. real property interests equals or exceeds 50% of the fair market value
of
its stock. In addition, even if we were to become a U.S. real property
holding
corporation, a non-U.S. stockholder would not incur tax under FIRPTA with
respect to gain realized upon a disposition of our stock as long as at
all times
non-U.S. persons hold, directly or indirectly, less than 50% in value of
our
outstanding stock. Moreover, even if we are treated as a U.S. real property
holding corporation, a non-U.S. stockholder that owned, actually or
constructively, 5% or less of our stock at all times during a specified
testing
period would not incur tax under FIRPTA on gain from the disposition of
our
stock if the class of stock held is “regularly traded” on an established
securities market. However, a non-U.S. stockholder generally will incur
tax on
gain not subject to FIRPTA if:
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the
gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholder’s U.S. trade
or business, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject
to the
same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain,
or
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the
non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was
present in
the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has
a “tax home”
in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder
will incur a
tax of 30% on his or her capital
gains.
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Taxable
REIT Subsidiaries
As
described above, we may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs.
A TRS
is a fully taxable corporation that may earn income that would not be qualifying
income if earned directly by us. A corporation will not qualify as a TRS
if it
directly or indirectly operates or manages any hotels or health care facilities
or provides rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care
facility is operated.
We
and
our corporate subsidiary must elect for the subsidiary to be treated as
a TRS. A
corporation of which a qualifying TRS directly or indirectly owns more
than 35%
of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated
as a
TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of our assets may consist of
securities of one or more TRSs, and no more than 25% of the value of our
assets
may consist of the securities of TRSs and other non-TRS taxable subsidiaries
and
other assets that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset
test.
We
have
elected to treat Hypotheca and its wholly owned subsidiary, The New York
Mortgage Company, Inc., as TRSs. Hypotheca is subject to corporate income
tax on
its taxable income. We believe that all transactions between us and Hypotheca
and any other TRS that we form or acquire (including sales of loans from
Hypotheca to us or a qualified REIT subsidiary) have been and will be conducted
on an arm’s-length basis.
State
and Local Taxes
We
and/or
the holders of our stock may be subject to taxation by various states and
localities, including those in which we or a holder transacts business,
owns
property or resides. The state and local tax treatment may differ from
the
federal income tax treatment described above. Consequently, you should
consult
their own tax advisors regarding the effect of state and local tax laws
upon an
investment in our stock.
PLAN
OF DISTRIBUTION
We
are
registering the resale from time to time of the shares of our Series A
Preferred
Stock and common stock offered by this prospectus in accordance with the
terms
of a registration rights agreement we entered into with the selling stockholders
in connection with our January 2008 private offering of Series A Preferred
Stock. The registration of these shares, however, does not necessarily
mean that
any of the shares will be offered or sold by the selling stockholders or
their
respective donees, pledgees or other transferees or successors in interest.
We
will not receive any proceeds from the sale of our Series A Preferred Stock
and
common stock offered by this prospectus.
The
sale
of the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock by any selling
stockholder, including any donee, pledgee or other transferee or
successor who receives shares from a selling stockholder, may be effected
from time to time by direct sales to purchasers or by sales to or through
broker-dealers. In connection with any sale, a broker-dealer may act as
agent
for the selling stockholder or may purchase from the selling stockholder
all or
a portion of the shares as principal. Sales of our common stock may be
made on
the NASDAQ Capital Market or other exchanges or markets on which our common
stock and/or Series A Preferred Stock is then traded, listed or quoted,
or in
private transactions. As of June 18, 2008, our Series A Preferred Stock
was not
listed on any securities exchange or market.
The
shares of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock may be sold in one
or more
transactions at:
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prevailing
market prices at the time of sale;
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prices
related to the prevailing market prices;
or
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otherwise
negotiated prices.
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The
shares of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock may be sold in one
or more
of the following transactions:
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ordinary
brokerage transactions and transactions in which a broker-dealer
solicits
purchasers;
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through
the writing of options whether such options are listed on an
options
exchange or otherwise;
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block
trades (which may involve crosses or transactions in which the
same broker
acts as an agent on both sides of the trade) in which a broker-dealer
may
sell all or a portion of such shares as agent but may position
and resell
all or a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the
transaction;
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purchases
by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer
for its
own account pursuant to this
prospectus;
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a
special offering, an exchange distribution or a secondary distribution
in
accordance with applicable rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory
Authority, Inc. or stock exchange;
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through
the settlement of short sales:
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broker-dealers
may agree with the selling stockholders to sell a specified number
of such
shares at a stipulated price per
share;
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sales
“at the market” to or through a market maker or into an existing trading
market, on an exchange or otherwise, for the
shares;
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sales
in other ways not involving market makers or established trading
markets,
including privately-negotiated direct sales to
purchasers;
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any
other legal method; and
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any
combination of these methods.
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In
effecting sales, broker-dealers engaged by a selling stockholder may arrange
for
other broker-dealers to participate. Broker-dealers will receive commissions
or
other compensation from the selling stockholder in the form of commissions,
discounts or concessions. Broker-dealers may also receive compensation
from
purchasers of the shares for whom they act as agents or to whom they sell
as
principals or both. Compensation as to a particular broker-dealer may be
in
excess of customary commissions and will be in amounts to be negotiated.
The
distribution of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock
also may
be effected from time to time in one or more underwritten transactions.
Any
underwritten offering may be on a “best efforts” or a “firm commitment” basis.
In connection with any underwritten offering, underwriters or agents may
receive
compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from
the
selling stockholders or from purchasers of the shares. Underwriters may
sell the
shares to or through dealers, and dealers may receive compensation in the
form
of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or
commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agents. The maximum
underwriting compensation in connection with any offering of the securities
registered hereunder shall not exceed 10% of the gross offering proceeds
plus an
additional 0.5% of the gross offering proceeds for bona fide due diligence
expenses.
The
selling stockholders have advised us that they have not entered into any
agreements, understandings or arrangements with any underwriters or
broker-dealers regarding the sale of their securities, nor is there any
underwriter or coordinating broker-dealer acting in connection with any
proposed
sale of shares by the selling stockholders. We will file a supplement to
this
prospectus, if required, under Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act upon
being
notified by the selling stockholders that any material arrangement has
been
entered into with a broker-dealer for the sale of shares through a block
trade,
special offering, exchange distribution or secondary distribution or a
purchase
by a broker or dealer. This supplement will disclose:
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the
name of the selling stockholders and of participating brokers
and
dealers;
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the
number of shares involved;
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the
price at which the shares are to be
sold;
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the
commissions paid or the discounts or concessions allowed to
the
broker-dealers, where applicable;
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that
the broker-dealers did not conduct any investigation to
verify the
information set out or incorporated by reference in this
prospectus;
and
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other
facts material to the
transaction.
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The
selling stockholders and any underwriters, or brokers-dealers or agents
that
participate in the distribution of the shares may be deemed to be “underwriters”
within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any profit on the sale of
the
shares by them and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by
any
underwriters, dealers, or agents may be deemed to be underwriting compensation
under the Securities Act. Because the selling stockholders may be deemed
to be
“underwriters” under the Securities Act, the selling stockholders will be
subject to the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act.
The
selling stockholders and any other person participating in a distribution
will
be subject to the applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and its rules
and
regulations. For example, the anti-manipulative provisions of Regulation
M may
limit the ability of the selling stockholders or others to engage in stabilizing
and other market making activities.
From
time
to time, the selling stockholders may pledge their shares of Series A Preferred
Stock and common stock pursuant to the margin provisions of their customer
agreements with their brokers. Upon default by a selling stockholder, the
broker
may offer and sell such pledged shares from time to time. Upon a sale of
the
shares, the selling stockholders intend to comply with the prospectus delivery
requirements under the Securities Act by delivering a prospectus to each
purchaser in the transaction. We intend to file any amendments or other
necessary documents in compliance with the Securities Act that may be required
in the event the selling stockholders default under any customer agreement
with
brokers.
Some
of
the shares of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock covered by this
prospectus may be sold in private transactions or under Rule 144 under
the
Securities Act rather than under this prospectus.
Our
shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the
symbol
“NYMT”. Our Series A Preferred Stock is not currently listed on any securities
exchange or other market. However, we have agreed to use our commercially
reasonable best efforts to cause the Series
A
Preferred Stock
to be
listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. We cannot assure you that we will
satisfy
the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market for our Series A Preferred
Stock or, upon satisfaction of the listing standards, that the NASDAQ Capital
Market will approve the listing of our Series A Preferred Stock.
The
shares of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock offered hereby were
originally issued to the selling stockholders in a private offering pursuant
to
available exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities
Act.
We agreed to register the shares under the Securities Act and to keep the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part effective for
a
specified period of time. We will not receive any of the proceeds from
the sale
of our shares of Series A Preferred Stock and common stock by the selling
stockholders. We will pay the registration and other offering expenses
related
to this offering, but the selling stockholders will pay all underwriting
discounts and brokerage commissions incurred in connection with the offering.
We
have agreed to indemnify the selling stockholders against various liabilities,
including liabilities under the Securities Act.
In
order
to comply with some states’ securities laws, if applicable, the Series A
Preferred Stock and common stock will be sold in those states only through
registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states
the
Series A Preferred Stock and common stock may not be sold unless it has
been
registered or qualified for sale or an exemption from registration or
qualification is available and is satisfied.
LEGAL
MATTERS
The
legality of any shares the Series A Preferred Stock and the common stock
issuable upon conversion thereof will be passed upon for us by Hunton &
Williams LLP. In addition, we have based the description of federal income
tax
consequences in “Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT” upon
the opinion of Hunton & Williams LLP.
EXPERTS
The
financial statements incorporated in this prospectus by reference from
our
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, and the
financial statements from which the selected financial data included in
this
prospectus under the caption “Selected Financial Data” have been derived, and
the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting have
been
audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public
accounting firm, as stated in their reports appearing herein and elsewhere
in
the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Such financial
statements, and selected financial data have been included herein and elsewhere
in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part in reliance
upon the reports of such firm given upon their authority as experts in
accounting and auditing.
PART
II.
INFORMATION
NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
The
following table sets forth the costs and expenses of the sale and distribution
of the shares of common stock being registered, all of which are being
borne by
the Registrant.
|
|
$
|
786
|
|
Printing
and mailing fees
|
|
$
|
5,000
|
|
Legal
fees and expenses
|
|
$
|
30,000
|
|
Accounting
fees and expenses
|
|
$
|
50,000
|
|
Miscellaneous
|
|
$
|
4,214
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
90,000
|
|
*
All fees and expenses other than the SEC Registration fee are
estimated.
Maryland
law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision
limiting the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation
and its
stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from (a)
actual
receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services
or (b)
active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being
material to the cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision
which
eliminates directors’ and officers’ liability to the maximum extent permitted by
Maryland law.
Our
charter authorizes us, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law,
to
obligate us to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any
individual who, while a director or officer of us and at the request of
us,
serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust,
partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise
as
a director, officer, partner or trustee, from and against any claim or
liability
to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may
incur
by reason of his or her status as a present or former director or officer
of us
and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final
disposition of a proceeding. Our bylaws obligate us, to the maximum extent
permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former director
or
officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of us and at
the
request of us, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment
trust, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other
enterprise as a director, officer, partner or trustee and who is made a
party to
the proceeding by reason of his service in that capacity from and against
any
claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which
that
individual may incur by reason of his or her status as a present or former
director or officer of us and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable
expenses
in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. The charter and bylaws
also
permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any individual who served
a
predecessor of us in any of the capacities described above and any employee
or
agent of us or a predecessor of us.
Maryland
law requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which
our
charter does not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful
in
the defense of any proceeding to which he is made a party by reason of
his
service in that capacity. Maryland law permits a corporation to indemnify
its
present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments,
penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred
by them
in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made a party by
reason of
their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that
(a) the
act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving
rise to the proceeding and (i) was committed in bad faith or (ii) was the
result
of active and deliberate dishonesty, (b) the director or officer actually
received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services or
(c) in
the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable
cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. However, under
Maryland
law, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in
a suit
by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on
the
basis that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either case
a
court orders indemnification and then only for expenses. In addition, Maryland
law permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director
or
officer upon the corporation’s receipt of (a) a written affirmation by the
director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has
met the
standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation and
(b) a
written undertaking by him or her or on his or her behalf to repay the
amount
paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that
the
standard of conduct was not met.
Item
16.
Exhibits.
Exhibits.
The
exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed below.
Exhibit
|
|
Description
|
3.1(a)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment and Restatement of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration
Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (Registration No. 333-111668), effective June 23,
2004).
|
|
|
|
3.1(b)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (Incorporated by
reference
to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on
October 4, 2007).
|
|
|
|
3.1(c)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3.2
to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4,
2007).
|
|
|
|
3.1(d)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (Incorporated by
reference
to Exhibit 3.1(d) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May
16, 2008).
|
|
|
|
3.1(e)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (Incorporated by
reference
to Exhibit 3.1(e) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May
16, 2008).
|
|
|
|
3.2(a)
|
|
Bylaws
of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3.2
to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (Registration No. 333-111668),
effective June 23, 2004).
|
|
|
|
3.2(b)
|
|
Amendment
No. 1 to Bylaws of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
|
|
|
|
4.1
|
|
Form
of Common Stock Certificate. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit
4.1 to
the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (Registration No. 333-111668),
effective June 23, 2004).
|
|
|
|
4.2(a)
|
|
Junior
Subordinated Indenture between The New York Mortgage Company,
LLC and
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee, dated
September 1, 2005. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the
Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
|
|
|
|
4.2(b)
|
|
Amended
and Restated Trust Agreement among The New York Mortgage Company,
LLC, JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, Chase Bank USA,
National
Association and the Administrative Trustees named therein, dated
September 1, 2005. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the
Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
|
|
|
|
4.3(a)
|
|
Articles
Supplementary Establishing and Fixing the Rights and Preferences
of
Series A Cumulative Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current
Report on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2008).
|
|
|
|
4.3(b)
|
|
Form
of Series A Cumulative Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
Certificate
(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report
on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2008).
|
|
|
|
5.1
|
|
Opinion
of Hunton & Williams LLP*
|
8.1
|
|
Opinion
of Hunton & Williams LLP (with respect to certain tax
matters)*
|
|
|
|
12.1
|
|
Computation
of Ratios*
|
|
|
|
21.1
|
|
List
of Subsidiaries of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference
to Exhibit
21.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2007, filed on March 31, 2008).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Consent
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Deloitte & Touche
LLP).*
|
|
|
|
23.2
|
|
Consent
of Hunton & Williams LLP (included in Exhibits 5.1 and
8.1).*
|
|
|
|
24.1
|
|
Power
of Attorney (included on signature page of the Registration
Statement).*
|
Item
17. Undertakings.
(a)
The
undersigned registrant hereby undertakes as follows:
(1)
To
file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a
post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i)
To
include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act
of
1933, as amended;
(ii)
To
reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective
date
of the registration statement (or the most recent post- effective amendment
thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental
change
in the information set forth in this registration statement. Notwithstanding
the
foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if
the
total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was
registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated
maximum
offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the
Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate the changes in
volume
and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate
offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the
effective registration statement; and
(iii)
To
include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution
not
previously disclosed in this registration statement or any material change
to
such information in this registration statement;
provided,
however,
that
paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) do not apply if the information
required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs
is
contained in the periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Commission
by
the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are incorporated by reference in
this
registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant
to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.
(2)
That,
for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of
1933,
as amended, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a
new
registration statement relating to the securities offered herein, and the
offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona
fide
offering
thereof.
(3)
To
remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of
these
securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the
offering.
(4)
That,
for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933
to any
purchaser:
(i)
each
prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be
deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed
prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement;
and
(ii)
each
prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5) or
(b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B
relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii) or
(x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a)
of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included
in the
registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus
is
first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale
of
securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in
Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at
that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective
date
of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration
statement to which the prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities
at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
Provided,
however
, that
no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part
of the
registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated
by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part
of the
registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract
of sale
prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was
made in
the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration
statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective
date;
and
(iii)
each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration
statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying
on
Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A,
shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement
as of
the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided,
however
, that
no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part
of the
registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated
by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part
of the
registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract
of sale
prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made
in the
registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration
statement
or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first
use;
(5)
That,
for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities
Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities,
the
undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities
of
the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless
of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser,
if the
securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the
following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to
the
purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such
purchaser:
(i)
Any
preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating
to
the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
(ii)
Any
free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf
of the
undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned
registrant;
(iii)
The
portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing
material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities
provided
by or on behalf of an undersigned registrant; and
(iv)
Any
other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned
registrant to the purchaser.
(b)
The
undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining
any
liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, each filing of
the
registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of
an
employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in this
registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities
at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona
fide
offering
thereof.
(c)
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities
Act of
1933 may be permitted to director, officers and controlling persons of
the
registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant
has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission
such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and
is,
therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification
against
such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses
incurred
or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant
in the
successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such
director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities
being
registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the
matter
has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate
jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against
public
policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication
of
such issue.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant
certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of
the
requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration
statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York on June 18,
2008.
|
(Registrant)
|
|
|
By:
|
/s/
Steven R. Mumma
|
|
Name:
Steven R. Mumma
|
|
Title:
Co-Chief Executive Officer
|
POWER
OF ATTORNEY
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement
has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates
indicated below. Each of the directors and/or officers of New York Mortgage
Trust, Inc. whose signature appears below hereby appoints David A. Akre
and
Steven R. Mumma, and each of them individually, as his attorney-in-fact
to sign
in his name and behalf, in any and all capacities stated below and to file
with
the SEC, any and all amendments, including post-effective amendments to
this
registration statement, making such changes in the registration statement
as
appropriate, and generally to do all such things in their behalf in their
capacities as officers and directors to enable New York Mortgage Trust,
Inc. to
comply with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, and all requirements
of the SEC.
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration
statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and
on the
dates indicated.
Signature
|
|
Title
|
|
Date
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
David A. Akre
|
|
Vice
Chairman and
|
|
June
18, 2008
|
David
A. Akre
|
|
Co-Chief
Executive Officer
|
|
|
|
|
(Principal
Executive Officer)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Steven R. Mumma
|
|
President,
Co-Chief Executive Officer,
|
|
|
Steven
R. Mumma
|
|
Chief
Financial Officer and Director
|
|
|
|
|
(Principal
Financial Officer)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
James J. Fowler
|
|
Non-Executive
Chairman of the Board
|
|
|
James
J. Fowler
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Director
|
|
|
Steven
M. Abreu
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
David R. Bock
|
|
Director
|
|
|
David
R. Bock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Alan L. Hainey
|
|
Director
|
|
|
Alan
L. Hainey
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Director
|
|
|
Steven
G. Norcutt
|
|
|
|
|
INDEX
TO EXHIBITS
|
|
Description
|
3.1(a)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment and Restatement of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration
Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (Registration No. 333-111668), effective June 23,
2004).
|
|
|
|
3.1(b)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (Incorporated by
reference
to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on
October 4, 2007).
|
|
|
|
3.1(c)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3.2
to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4,
2007).
|
|
|
|
3.1(d)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (Incorporated by
reference
to Exhibit 3.1(d) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May
16, 2008).
|
|
|
|
3.1(e)
|
|
Articles
of Amendment of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit
3.1(e) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 16,
2008).
|
|
|
|
3.2(a)
|
|
Bylaws
of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3.2
to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (Registration No. 333-111668),
effective June 23, 2004).
|
|
|
|
3.2(b)
|
|
Amendment
No. 1 to Bylaws of New York Mortgage Trust, Inc.
|
|
|
|
4.1
|
|
Form
of Common Stock Certificate. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit
4.1 to
the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 as filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (Registration No. 333-111668),
effective June 23, 2004).
|
|
|
|
4.2(a)
|
|
Junior
Subordinated Indenture between The New York Mortgage Company,
LLC and
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as trustee, dated
September 1, 2005. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the
Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
|
|
|
|
4.2(b)
|
|
Amended
and Restated Trust Agreement among The New York Mortgage Company,
LLC, JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, Chase Bank USA,
National
Association and the Administrative Trustees named therein, dated
September 1, 2005. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the
Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on September 6, 2005).
|
|
|
|
4.3(a)
|
|
Articles
Supplementary Establishing and Fixing the Rights and Preferences
of
Series A Cumulative Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current
Report on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2008).
|
|
|
|
4.3(b)
|
|
Form
of Series A Cumulative Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
Certificate
(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report
on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2008).
|
|
|
|
5.1
|
|
Opinion
of Hunton & Williams LLP*
|
|
|
|
8.1
|
|
Opinion
of Hunton & Williams LLP (with respect to certain tax
matters)*
|
|
|
|
12.1
|
|
Computation
of Ratios*
|
|
|
|
21.1
|
|
List
of Subsidiaries of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference
to Exhibit
21.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2007, filed on March 31, 2008).
|
|
|
|
23.1
|
|
Consent
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Deloitte & Touche
LLP).*
|
23.2
|
|
Consent
of Hunton & Williams LLP (included in Exhibits 5.1 and
8.1).*
|
|
|
|
24.1
|
|
Power
of Attorney (included on signature page of the Registration
Statement).*
|
*
Filed herewith.