pru201208106k2.htm
 
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
 
 
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
FORM 6-K
 
 
REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER
 
 
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 of

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
 
For the month of August, 2012

 
 
PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
 
 
(Translation of registrant'sf name into English)
 
 
LAURENCE POUNTNEY HILL,

LONDON, EC4R 0HH, ENGLAND
(Address of principal executive offices)


 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports
under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.


Form 20-F X           Form 40-F


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information
contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the
Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 
Yes              No X


 
If "Yes" is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant
in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): 82-



 
 
 
 
 
Enclosures:
Prudential plc - Half Year 2012 - IFRS
 

 

 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
 
 
 
   
Half year
Half year*
Full year*
 
   
2012
£m 
2011 
£m 
2011 
£m 
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance  
14,111 
12,930 
25,277 
Investment return note I
8,762 
7,750 
9,360 
Other income  
1,008 
923 
1,869 
Total revenue, net of reinsurance   
23,881 
21,603 
36,506 
Benefits and claims and movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance  note J
(19,850)
(17,590)
(29,289)
Acquisition costs and other expenditure note H
(2,592)
(2,665)
(5,120)
Finance costs: interest on core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations  
(140)
(140)
(286)
Total charges, net of reinsurance   
(22,582)
(20,395)
(34,695)
Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)**
1,299 
1,208 
1,811 
(Less) add tax (charge) credit attributable to policyholders' returns  
(40)
(94)
17 
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders note C
1,259 
1,114 
1,828 
Total tax charge attributable to policyholders and shareholders note K
(347)
(377)
(392)
Adjustment to remove tax charge (credit) attributable to policyholders returns  
40 
94 
(17)
Tax charge attributable to shareholders' returns note K
(307)
(283)
(409)
Profit for the period  
952 
831 
1,419 
Attributable to:  
     
 
Equity holders of the Company  
952 
829 
1,415 
 
Non-controlling interests  
Profit for the period  
952 
831 
1,419 
 
   
     
Earnings per share (in pence)  
     
Based on profit attributable to the equity holders of the Company: note L
     
 
Basic  
37.5p
32.7p 
55.8p 
 
Diluted  
37.5p
32.6p 
55.7p 
 
*     The Group has adopted altered US GAAP requirements for deferred acquisition costs as an improvement to its accounting policy under IFRS 4 for those operations of the Group which measure insurance assets and liabilities
       substantially by reference to US GAAP principles. Accordingly, the 2011 comparative results and related notes have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement as if the
       new accounting policy had always applied, as described in note B.
 
**  This measure is the formal profit before tax measure under IFRS but it is not the result attributable to shareholders.
 
       This is principally because taxes borne by UK with-profits and unit-linked policies through adjustments to benefits are paid on the policyholders' behalf by the Company. These amounts are required to be included in the tax
       charge of the Company under IAS 12. Consequently, the profit before all taxes measure (which is determined after deducting the cost of policyholder benefits and movements in the liability for unallocated surplus of the PAC
       with-profits fund after adjusting for taxes borne by policyholders) is not representative of pre-tax profits attributable to shareholders.
 
 
 
Dividends per share (in pence)
 
   
Half year
Half year
Full year
 
   
2012 
2011 
2011 
       
Dividends relating to reporting period: note M
     
 
Interim dividend (2012 and 2011)  
8.40p
7.95p
7.95p
 
Final dividend (2011)  
17.24p
Total  
8.40p
7.95p
25.19p
Dividends declared and paid in reporting period: note M
     
 
Current year interim dividend  
7.95p
 
Final dividend for prior year  
17.24p
17.24p
17.24p
Total  
17.24p
17.24p
25.19p
 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 
   
Half year 
Half year*
Full year*
   
2012 
£m 
2011 
£m 
2011 
£m 
         
Profit for the period
952 
831 
1,419 
         
Other comprehensive income:
     
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges:
     
 
Exchange movements arising during the period
(53)
(57)
(37)
 
Related tax
(1)
(5)
(68)
   
(54)
(62)
(105)
         
Unrealised valuation movements on securities of US insurance operations classified as available-for-sale:  
     
 
Unrealised holding gains arising during the period
470 
287 
912 
 
Add back net losses/deduct net (gains) included in the income statement on disposal and impairment
12 
(50)
(101)
Totalnote U
482 
237 
811 
Related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs note Q
(181)
(71)
(275)
Related tax
(105)
(57)
(187)
   
196 
109 
349 
         
Other comprehensive income for the period, net of related tax
142 
47 
244 
         
Total comprehensive income for the period
1,094 
878 
1,663 
         
Attributable to:
     
 
Equity holders of the Company
1,094 
876 
1,659 
 
Non-controlling interests
Total comprehensive income for the period
1,094 
878 
1,663 
 
*    The Group has adopted altered US GAAP requirements for deferred acquisition costs as an improvement to its accounting policy under IFRS 4 for those operations of the Group which measure insurance assets and liabilities
       substantially by reference to US GAAP principles. Accordingly, the 2011 comparative results and related notes have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement as if the
       new accounting policy had always applied, as described in note B.
 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
 
   
Period ended 30 June 2012
   
Share 
capital 
Share 
premium 
Retained 
earnings 
Translation
 reserve 
Available 
-for-sale 
securities 
reserve 
Shareholders'
equity 
Non-controlling
 interests 
Total 
 equity 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Reserves
               
Total comprehensive income for the period
952 
(54)
196 
1,094 
1,094 
Dividends
(440)
(440)
(440)
Reserve movements in respect of share-based payments  
52 
52 
52 
Change in non-controlling interests arising principally from purchase and sale of property partnerships of PAC with-profits fund and other consolidated investment funds
(9)
(9)
                   
Share capital and share premium
               
New share capital subscribed
14 
14 
14 
                   
Treasury shares
               
Movement in own shares in respect of share-based payment plans
Movement in Prudential plc shares purchased by unit trusts consolidated under IFRS
Net increase (decrease) in equity
14 
572 
(54)
196 
728 
(9)
719 
At beginning of period:
               
 
As previously reported
127 
1,873 
5,839 
354 
924 
9,117 
43 
9,160 
 
Effect of change in accounting policy for deferred acquisition costsnote B
(595)
(72)
114 
(553)
(553)
 
After effect of change
127 
1,873 
5,244 
282 
1,038 
8,564 
43 
8,607 
At end of period
127 
1,887 
5,816 
228 
1,234 
9,292 
34 
9,326 
                   
 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
 
   
Period ended 30 June 2011*
   
Share 
capital 
Share 
premium 
Retained 
earnings 
Translation
 reserve 
Available 
-for-sale 
securities 
 reserve 
Shareholders'
equity 
Non-controlling 
 interests 
Total 
 equity 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Reserves
               
Total comprehensive income for the period
829 
(62)
109 
876 
878 
Dividends
(439)
(439)
(439)
Reserve movements in respect of share-based payments  
25 
25 
25 
                 
Share capital and share premium
               
New share capital subscribed
15 
15 
15 
                 
Treasury shares
               
Movement in own shares in respect of share-based payment plans
(10)
(10)
(10)
Movement in Prudential plc shares purchased by unit trusts consolidated under IFRS
 
Net increase (decrease) in equity
15 
407 
(62)
109 
469 
471 
At beginning of period:
               
 
As previously reported
127 
1,856 
4,982 
454 
612 
8,031 
44 
8,075 
 
Effect of change in accounting policy for deferred acquisition costsnote B
(520)
(67)
77 
(510)
(510)
 
After effect of change
127 
1,856 
4,462 
387 
689 
7,521 
44 
7,565 
At end of period
127 
1,871 
4,869 
325 
798 
7,990 
46 
8,036 
 
*    The Group has adopted altered US GAAP requirements for deferred acquisition costs as an improvement to its accounting policy under IFRS 4 for those operations of the Group which measure insurance assets and liabilities
       substantially by reference to US GAAP principles. Accordingly, the 2011 comparative results and related notes have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement as if the
       new accounting policy had always applied, as described in note B.
 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
 
   
Year ended 31 December 2011*
   
Share 
capital 
Share 
premium 
Retained 
earnings 
Translation reserve 
Available 
-for-sale 
securities 
reserve 
Shareholders'
equity 
Non-controlling 
interests 
Total 
 equity 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Reserves
               
Total comprehensive income for the year
1,415 
(105)
349 
1,659 
1,663 
Dividends
(642)
(642)
(642)
Reserve movements in respect of share-based payments  
44 
44 
44 
Change in non-controlling interests arising principally from purchase and sale of property partnerships of the PAC with-profits fund and other consolidated investment funds
(5)
(5)
                 
Share capital and share premium
               
New share capital subscribed
17 
17 
17 
                   
Treasury shares
               
Movement in own shares in respect of share-based payment plans
(30)
(30)
(30)
Movement in Prudential plc shares purchased by unit trusts consolidated under IFRS
(5)
(5)
(5)
Net increase (decrease) in equity
17 
782 
(105)
349 
1,043 
(1)
1,042 
At beginning of year:
               
 
As previously reported
127 
1,856 
4,982 
454 
612 
8,031 
44 
8,075 
 
Effect of change in accounting policy for deferred acquisition costsnote B
(520)
(67)
77 
(510)
(510)
 
After effect of change
127 
1,856 
4,462 
387 
689 
7,521 
44 
7,565 
At end of year
127 
1,873 
5,244 
282 
1,038 
8,564 
43 
8,607 
 
*    The Group has adopted altered US GAAP requirements for deferred acquisition costs as an improvement to its accounting policy under IFRS 4 for those operations of the Group which measure insurance assets and liabilities
       substantially by reference to US GAAP principles. Accordingly, the 2011 comparative results and related notes have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement as if the
       new accounting policy had always applied, as described in note B.
 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
 
       
30 Jun
30 Jun*
31 Dec*
       
2012
 £m
2011
 £m
2011
 £m
Assets
     
             
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
     
 
Goodwillnote P
1,467 
1,469 
1,465 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assetsnote Q
4,333 
4,060 
4,234 
 
Total
5,800 
5,529 
5,699 
       
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
     
 
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes  
178 
169 
178 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
84 
93 
89 
 
Total
262 
262 
267 
Total  
6,062 
5,791 
5,966 
       
Other non-investment and non-cash assets:
     
 
Property, plant and equipment
798 
705 
748 
 
Reinsurers' share of insurance contract liabilities
1,703 
1,334 
1,647 
 
Deferred tax assets note K
2,179 
2,120 
2,276 
 
Current tax recoverable
308 
384 
546 
 
Accrued investment income
2,713 
2,460 
2,710 
 
Other debtors
1,827 
1,638 
987 
 
Total  
9,528 
8,641 
8,914 
       
Investments of long-term business and other operations:
     
 
Investment properties
10,822 
10,965 
10,757 
 
Investments accounted for using the equity method
112 
71 
70 
 
Financial investments**:
     
   
Loans note S
9,981 
9,017 
9,714 
   
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
90,542 
91,037 
87,349 
   
Debt securities note T
128,269 
117,213 
124,498 
   
Other investments
8,143 
6,121 
7,509 
   
Deposits  
12,429 
10,858 
10,708 
Total  
260,298 
245,282 
250,605 
             
Properties held for sale
394 
Cash and cash equivalents
6,737 
8,589 
7,257 
Total assets note N
282,625 
268,697 
272,745 
 
*    The Group has adopted altered US GAAP requirements for deferred acquisition costs as an improvement to its accounting policy under IFRS 4 for those operations of the Group which measure insurance assets and liabilities
       substantially by reference to US GAAP principles. Accordingly, the 2011 comparative results and related notes have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement as if the
       new accounting policy had always applied, as described in note B.
 
**  Included within financial investments are £5,273 million, £8,744 million and £7,843 million of lent securities as at 30 June 2012, 30 June 2011 and 31 December 2011, respectively.
 
 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
 
   
30 Jun 
30 Jun*
31 Dec*
   
2012 
£m 
2011 
£m 
2011 
£m 
Equity and liabilities
     
         
Equity
     
Shareholders' equity   
9,292 
7,990 
8,564 
Non-controlling interests
34 
46 
43 
Total equity
9,326 
8,036 
8,607 
         
Liabilities
     
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
     
 
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)note Y
236,419 
221,432 
227,075 
 
Unallocated surplus of with-profits fundsnote Y
9,802 
10,872 
9,215 
 
Total  
246,221 
232,304 
236,290 
         
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations:  
     
 
Subordinated debt
2,638 
3,044 
2,652 
 
Other
958 
954 
959 
 
Total note V
3,596 
3,998 
3,611 
         
Other borrowings:
     
 
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations note W
2,804 
2,912 
3,340 
 
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations note W
955 
1,440 
972 
         
Other non-insurance liabilities:
     
 
Obligations under funding, securities lending and sale and repurchase agreements
2,563 
4,537 
3,114 
 
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds
3,778 
3,203 
3,840 
 
Deferred tax liabilities note K
3,913 
3,936 
3,929 
 
Current tax liabilities
627 
876 
930 
 
Accruals and deferred income
641 
585 
736 
 
Other creditors
2,989 
2,599 
2,544 
 
Provisions  
411 
587 
529 
 
Derivative liabilities
3,452 
2,385 
3,054 
 
Other liabilities
1,349 
1,299 
1,249 
 
Total
19,723 
20,007 
19,925 
Total liabilities
273,299 
260,661 
264,138 
Total equity and liabilities note N
282,625 
268,697 
272,745 
 
*    The Group has adopted altered US GAAP requirements for deferred acquisition costs as an improvement to its accounting policy under IFRS 4 for those operations of the Group which measure insurance assets and liabilities
       substantially by reference to US GAAP principles. Accordingly, the 2011 comparative results and related notes have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement as if the
       new accounting policy had always applied, as described in note B.
 
STATUTORY BASIS RESULTS
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
 
   
   
Half year 
Half year*
Full year*
   
   
2012 
 £m 
2011 
£m 
2011 
£m 
Cash flows from operating activities   
     
Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)note (i)
1,299 
1,208 
1,811 
Non-cash movements in operating assets and liabilities reflected in profit before tax note (ii)
(939)
875 
162 
Other items note (iii)
(172)
122 
(235)
Net cash flows from operating activities  
188 
2,205 
1,738 
Cash flows from investing activities  
     
Net cash flows from purchases and disposals of property, plant and equipment  
(108)
(42)
(114)
Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash balance note (iv)
(41)
(53)
Change to Group's holdings, net of cash balance note (iv)
23 
Net cash flows from investing activities  
(85)
(83)
(167)
Cash flows from financing activities  
     
Structural borrowings of the Group:  
     
 
Shareholder-financed operations notes (v) and V:
     
   
Issue of subordinated debt, net of costs  
340 
340 
   
Redemption of subordinated debt  
(333)
   
Interest paid   
(139)
(137)
(286)
 
With-profits operations  notes (vi) and W:
     
   
Interest paid  
(4)
(4)
(9)
Equity capital:  
     
 
Issues of ordinary share capital  
14 
15 
17 
 
Dividends paid   
(440)
(439)
(642)
Net cash flows from financing activities  
(569)
(225)
(913)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents  
(466)
1,897 
658 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period  
7,257 
6,631 
6,631 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents  
(54)
61 
(32)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period  
6,737 
8,589 
7,257 
 
* The Group has adopted altered US GAAP requirements for deferred acquisition costs as an improvement to its accounting policy under IFRS 4 for those operations of the Group which measure insurance assets and liabilities
   substantially by reference to US GAAP principles. Accordingly, the 2011 comparative results and related notes have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement as if the new
   accounting policy had always applied, as described in note B.
 
Notes
 
(i)      This measure is the formal profit before tax measure under IFRS but it is not the result attributable to shareholders.
 
(ii)     The adjusting items to profit before tax included within non-cash movements in operating assets and liabilities reflected in profit before tax are as follows:
 
   
Half year 
Half year 
Full year 
   
2012 
£m 
2011 
£m 
2011 
£m 
 
Other non-investment and non-cash assets
(1,261)
(869)
(999)
 
Investments
(9,341)
(6,984)
(8,854)
 
Policyholder liabilities (including unallocated surplus)
10,782 
8,530 
10,874 
 
Other liabilities (including operational borrowings)
(1,119)
198 
(859)
 
Non-cash movements in operating assets and liabilities reflected in profit before tax
(939)
875 
162 
 
 
(iii)    The adjusting items to profit before tax included within other items are adjustments in respect of non-cash items, together with operational interest receipts and payments, dividend receipts and tax paid.
 
(iv)    There were no acquisitions for half year 2012. The acquisition of subsidiaries in half year and full year 2011 related to the outflows from the PAC with-profits fund's purchases of venture investments. The change to Group's
          holding for half year 2012 relates to the dilution of the Group's holding in PPM South Africa during the period from 75 per cent to 47 per cent. As a result of the dilution, PPM South Africa was deconsolidated as a subsidiary
          and treated as an associate. See note G for additional details.
 
(v)     Structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations comprise core debt of the parent company, PruCap bank loan and Jackson surplus notes. Core debt excludes borrowings to support short-term fixed income securities
          programmes, non-recourse borrowings of investment subsidiaries of shareholder-financed operations and other borrowings of shareholder-financed operations. Cash flows in respect of these borrowings are included within
          cash flows from operating activities.
 
(vi)    Structural borrowings of with-profits operations relate solely to the £100 million 8.5 per cent undated subordinated guaranteed bonds which contribute to the solvency base of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF), a
          ring-fenced sub-fund of the PAC with-profits fund. Cash flows in respect of other borrowings of with-profits funds, which principally relate to consolidated investment funds, are included within cash flows from operating
          activities.
 
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS) BASIS RESULTS
 
NOTES ON THE IFRS BASIS RESULTS
 
 
A    Basis of preparation and audit status
 
These condensed consolidated interim financial statements for the six months ended 30 June 2012 have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34 'Interim Financial Reporting' as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and as endorsed by the European Union (EU). The Group's policy for preparing this interim financial information is to use the accounting policies adopted by the Group in its last consolidated financial statements, as updated by any changes in accounting policies it intends to make in its next consolidated financial statements as a result of new or amended IFRSs that are applicable or available for early adoption for the next annual financial statements and other policy improvements. EU-endorsed IFRSs may differ from IFRSs issued by the IASB if, at any point in time, new or amended IFRSs have not been endorsed by the EU. At 30 June 2012, there were no unendorsed standards effective for the period ended 30 June 2012 affecting the condensed consolidated financial statements of the Group, and there were no differences between IFRSs endorsed by the EU and IFRSs issued by the IASB in terms of their application to the Group.
 
The IFRS basis results for the 2012 and 2011 half years are unaudited. Except for the effect of the adoption of altered US GAAP reporting requirements for Group IFRS reporting as explained in note B, the 2011 full year IFRS basis results have been derived from the 2011 statutory accounts. The auditors have reported on the 2011 statutory accounts which have been delivered to the Registrar of Companies. The auditors' report was (i) unqualified, (ii) did not include a reference to any matters to which the auditors drew attention by way of emphasis without qualifying their report and (iii) did not contain a statement under section 498(2) or (3) of the Companies Act 2006.
 
The accounting policies applied by the Group in determining the IFRS basis results in this report are the same as those previously applied in the Group's consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011, except for the adoption of altered US GAAP reporting requirements for Group IFRS report as described below.
 
 
B    Adoption of altered US GAAP reporting requirements for Group IFRS reporting in 2012
 
Background
In October 2010, the Emerging Issues Trust Force of the US Financial Accounting Standards Board issued update No 2010-26 on 'Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts' (the 'Update'). The Update was issued to address perceived diversity by companies preparing financial statements in accordance with US GAAP as regards the types of acquisition costs being deferred. Under US GAAP, costs that can be deferred and amortised are those that 'vary with and are primarily related to the acquisition of insurance contracts'. The Update requires insurers to capitalise only those incremental costs directly relating to acquiring a contract for financial statements for reporting periods beginning after 15 December 2011. All other indirect acquisition expenses are required to be charged to the income statements as incurred expenses. Accordingly, the main impact of the Update is to disallow insurers from deferring costs that are not directly related to successful sales.
 
The Group's IFRS accounting policies include that under IFRS 4, 'Insurance Contracts', insurance assets and liabilities other than those for UK regulated with-profits funds, are measured using the GAAP basis applied prior to IFRS adoption in 2005. On this basis insurance assets and liabilities are measured under the UK Modified Statutory Basis (MSB) which was codified by the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) on accounting for insurance business issued by the Association of British Insurers (ABI) in 2003. The MSB requires the deferral of acquisition costs and, in the first instance, the use of a gross premium valuation basis of liability measurement unless a net premium valuation basis is required by the regulator. However, the SORP also permits the use of local GAAP subject to the requirement for adjustments to be made to ensure sufficient consistency of measurement under the UK GAAP framework under which the SORP was developed.
 
In applying this overarching basis, the Group has chosen to apply US GAAP for measuring the insurance assets and liabilities of Jackson. In addition, for the Group's operations in India, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam, where the local GAAP basis would not be appropriate as the start point for deriving MSB insurance asset and liabilities, the measurement has been determined substantially by reference to US GAAP requirements. 
 
For half year 2012, the Group has the option to either continue with its current basis of measurement or improve its accounting policy under IFRS4 to acknowledge the issuance of the Update. Prudential has chosen to improve its accounting policy in 2012 to apply the US GAAP update, on a retrospective basis, to the results of Jackson and the four Asia operations.
 
The half year and full 2011 comparatives in these condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been adjusted accordingly for the retrospective application of this Update.
 
Effect of change in accounting policy
 
(a)  The effect of the change in accounting policy for deferred acquisition costs (DAC) on the income statement, earnings per share, comprehensive income, changes in equity and statement of financial position is shown in the tables below.
 
Condensed Consolidated Income Statement
 
 
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
 
Full year 2011
 
Under 
 previous 
 basis 
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
As 
 reported 
 under 
 previous 
 basis 
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
As 
 reported 
 under 
 previous 
 basis 
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
                       
Total revenue, net of reinsurance
23,881 
23,881 
 
21,603 
21,603 
 
36,506 
36,506 
Acquisition costs and other expenditure
(2,520)
(72)
(2,592)
 
(2,615)
(50)
(2,665)
 
(5,005)
(115)
(5,120)
Total other charges, net of reinsurance
(19,990)
(19,990)
 
(17,730)
(17,730)
 
(29,575)
(29,575)
Profit before tax (being tax attributable to shareholders' and policyholders' returns)
1,371 
(72)
1,299 
 
1,258 
(50)
1,208 
 
1,926 
(115)
1,811 
(Less) Add tax (charge) credit attributable to policyholders' returns
(40)
(40)
 
(94)
(94)
 
17 
17 
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders
1,331 
(72)
1,259 
 
1,164 
(50)
1,114 
 
1,943 
(115)
1,828 
Total tax charge attributable to policyholders and shareholders
(371)
24 
(347)
 
(395)
18 
(377)
 
(432)
40 
(392)
Adjustment to remove tax charge (credit) attributable to policyholders' returns
40 
40 
 
94 
94 
 
(17)
(17)
Tax charge attributable to shareholders' returns
(331)
24 
(307)
 
(301)
18 
(283)
 
(449)
40 
(409)
Profit for the period
1,000 
(48)
952 
 
863 
(32)
831 
 
1,494 
(75)
1,419 
                       
Profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company
1,000 
(48)
952 
 
861 
(32)
829 
 
1,490 
(75)
1,415 
                       
Earnings per share (in pence)
                     
Based on profit attributable to the equity holders of the Company:
                     
Basic
39.4p
(1.9)p
37.5p
 
34.0p
(1.3)p
32.7p
 
58.8p
(3.0)p
55.8p
Diluted
39.4p
(1.9)p
37.5p
 
33.9p
(1.3)p
32.6p
 
58.7p
(3.0)p
55.7p
 
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Changes in Equity
 
   
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
 
Full year 2011
   
Under 
 previous 
 basis 
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
As 
 reported 
 under 
 previous 
 basis 
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
As 
 reported 
 under 
 previous 
 basis 
Effect of 
change
Under 
 new 
 policy 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
                       
Profit for the period
1,000 
(48)
952 
 
863  
(32) 
831  
 
1,494  
(75) 
1,419 
Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges, net of related tax
(56)
(54)
 
(75) 
13  
(62)  
 
(100)  
(5) 
(105)
Unrealised valuation movements on securities of US insurance operations classified as available-for-sale
482 
482 
 
237  
-  
237  
 
811  
811 
Related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs
(211)
30 
(181)
 
(97) 
26  
(71)  
 
(331)  
56  
(275)
Related tax
(94)
(11)
(105)
 
(49) 
(8) 
(57)  
 
(168)  
(19) 
(187)
 
Total 
177 
19 
196 
 
91  
18  
109  
 
312  
37  
349 
Total comprehensive income for the period
1,121 
(27)
1,094 
 
879  
(1) 
878  
 
1,706  
(43) 
1,663 
                       
Total comprehensive income for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company
1,121 
(27)
1,094 
 
877  
(1) 
876  
 
1,702  
(43) 
1,659 
                         
Net increase in shareholders' equity
755 
(27)
728 
 
470  
(1) 
469  
 
1,086  
(43) 
1,043 
At beginning of period
9,117 
(553)
8,564 
 
8,031  
(510) 
7,521  
 
8,031  
(510) 
7,521 
At end of period
9,872 
(580)
9,292 
 
8,501  
(511) 
7,990  
 
9,117   
(553) 
8,564 
 
 
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
 
   
30 Jun 2012
 
30 Jun 2011
 
31 Dec 2011
   
Under 
previous  
 basis 
Effect 
 of 
change 
Under  
new 
 policy 
 
As reported 
 under previous 
 basis 
Effect 
 of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
As 
 reported 
 under previous 
 basis 
Effect 
 of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Assets
                     
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
5,207 
(874)
4,333 
 
4,829 
(769)
4,060 
 
5,069 
(835)
4,234 
Total other assets
278,292 
278,292 
 
264,637 
264,637 
 
268,511 
268,511 
Total assets
283,499 
(874)
282,625 
 
269,466 
(769)
268,697 
 
273,580 
(835)
272,745 
                       
Liabilities
                     
Deferred tax liabilities
4,207 
(294)
3,913 
 
4,194 
(258)
3,936 
 
4,211 
(282)
3,929 
Total other liabilities
269,386 
269,386 
 
256,725 
256,725 
 
260,209 
260,209 
Total liabilities
273,593 
(294)
273,299 
 
260,919 
(258)
260,661 
 
264,420 
(282)
264,138 
                         
Equity
                     
Shareholders' equity
9,872 
(580)
9,292 
 
8,501 
(511)
7,990 
 
9,117 
(553)
8,564 
Non-controlling interests
34 
34 
 
46 
46 
 
43 
43 
Total equity
9,906 
(580)
9,326 
 
8,547 
(511)
8,036 
 
9,160 
(553)
8,607 
 
 
(b)   The effect of the change in accounting policy for deferred acquisition costs on the Group's supplementary analysis of profit is shown in the table below.
 
 
 
Segment disclosure - income statement
 
   
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
 
Full year 2011
   
Under 
 previous 
 basis 
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
As reported under previous basis
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
 
As reported under previous basis
Effect of 
change 
Under 
 new 
 policy 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
                     
 
Asia insurance operationsnote (i)
411 
(5)
406 
 
324 
(2)
322 
 
704 
704 
 
US insurance operationsnote (ii)
491 
(49)
442 
 
368 
(28)
340 
 
694 
(43)
651 
 
Other operations
314 
314 
 
366 
366 
 
672 
672 
Total  
1,216 
(54)
1,162 
 
1,058 
(30)
1,028 
 
2,070 
(43)
2,027 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business
(14)
(18)
(32)
 
113 
(20)
93 
 
(148)
(72)
(220)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
87 
87 
 
(7)
(7)
 
21 
21 
Gain on dilution of Group holdings
42 
42 
 
 
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders
1,331 
(72)
1,259 
 
1,164 
(50)
1,114 
 
1,943 
(115)
1,828 
Basic EPS based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns after tax and non-controlling interests
36.0p
(1.5)p
34.5p
 
32.2p
(0.8)p
31.4p
 
63.9p
(1.1)p
62.8p
Basic EPS based on total profit after tax and non-controlling interests
39.4p
(1.9)p
37.5p
 
34.0p
(1.3)p
32.7p
 
58.8p
(3.0)p
55.8p
                         
 
Notes on the effect of the change in the accounting policy on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
 
(i)    Asia insurance operations
 
   
Half Year 2012
 
Half Year 2011
 
Full Year 2011
   
Effect of 
change
 
Effect of 
change
 
Effect of 
change
   
£m
 
£m
 
£m
New Business
         
 
Acquisition costs on new contracts not able to be deferred
(5)
 
(10)
 
(16)
Business in force at beginning of period
         
 
Reduction in amortisation on reduced DAC balance
 
 
16 
Total
(5)
 
(2)
 
             
 
(ii)   US insurance operations
 
   
Half Year 2012
 
Half Year 2011
 
Full Year 2011
   
Effect of 
change
 
Effect of 
change
 
Effect of 
change
   
£m
 
£m
 
£m
New Business
         
 
Acquisition costs on new contracts not able to be deferred
(82)
 
(80)
 
(156)
Business in force at beginning of period
         
 
Reduction in amortisation on reduced DAC balance
33 
 
52 
 
113 
 
Total
(49)
 
(28)
 
(43)
 
 
 
C    Segment disclosure - income statement
 
   
Half year
2012
Half year
2011*
Full year
2011*
   
 £m
£m
 £m
Asia operations  
     
Insurance operations note E(i)
409 
324 
709 
Development expenses
(3)
(2)
(5)
Total Asia insurance operations after development expenses
406 
322 
704 
Eastspring Investments
34 
43 
80 
Total Asia operations
440 
365 
784 
         
US operations
     
Jackson (US insurance operations) E(ii)
442 
340 
651 
Broker-dealer and asset management  
17 
17 
24 
Total US operations
459 
357 
675 
         
UK operations
     
UK insurance operations:
     
 
Long-term business note E(iii)
336 
332 
683 
 
General insurance commission note (i)
17 
21 
40 
Total UK insurance operations
353 
353 
723 
M&G
199 
199 
357 
Total UK operations
552 
552 
1,080 
Total segment profit
1,451 
1,274 
2,539 
         
Other income and expenditure  
     
Investment return and other income
22 
Interest payable on core structural borrowings  
(140)
(140)
(286)
Corporate expenditurenote H
(120)
(118)
(219)
Total  
(255)
(253)
(483)
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit pension schemesnote (ii)
42 
42 
Solvency II implementation costs
(27)
(27)
(55)
Restructuring costs note (iii)
(7)
(8)
(16)
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  
1,162 
1,028 
2,027 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business note F
(32)
93 
(220)
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes note (iv)
87 
(7)
21 
Gain on dilution of Group holdingsnote G
42 
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders  
1,259 
1,114 
1,828 
         
   
Half year
2012
Half year
2011*
Full year
2011*
Basic EPS based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns after tax and non-controlling interestsnote L
34.5p
31.4p
62.8p
Basic EPS based on total profit after tax and non-controlling interestsnote L
37.5p
32.7p
55.8p
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
Notes
 
(i)      UK operations transferred its general insurance business to Churchill Insurance in 2002. General insurance commission represents the net commission receivable net of expenses for Prudential-branded general insurance
          products as part of this arrangement.
 
(ii)     During the first half of 2011 the Group altered its inflation measure basis for future statutory increases to pension payments for certain tranches of its UK defined benefit pension schemes. This reflected the UK Government's
          decision to replace the basis of indexation from Retail Price Index (RPI) with Consumer Price Index (CPI). This resulted in a credit to the operating profit before tax in half year and full year 2011 of £42 million.
 
(iii)    Restructuring costs are incurred in the UK and represent one-off expenses incurred in securing expense savings. 
 
(iv)    For the 2011 comparatives, the shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes comprises the aggregate effect of actual less expected returns on scheme assets, experience gains
          and losses, the effect of changes in assumptions and altered provisions for deficit funding, where relevant. For half year 2012, these items also apply. However, the shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on
          defined benefit pension schemes also includes £51 million for the effect of partial recognition of surplus of the main Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). This credit arises from altered funding arrangement following the 5
          April 2011 triennial valuation. Additional details are provided in Note X.
 
Determining operating segments and performance measure of operating segments
 
The Group's operating segments determined in accordance with IFRS 8, 'Operating Segments', are as follows:
Insurance operations
-    Asia
-    US (Jackson)
-    UK
 
Asset management operations 
-    M&G (including Prudential Capital)
-    Eastspring Investments
-    US broker-dealer and asset management (including Curian)
 
The Group's operating segments are also its reportable segments with the exception of Prudential Capital which has been incorporated into the M&G operating segment for the purposes of segment reporting.
 
The performance measure of operating segments utilised by the Company is IFRS operating profit attributable to shareholders based on longer-term investment returns. This measure excludes the recurrent items of short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes. In addition for half year 2012, this measure excluded a gain arising upon the dilution of the Group's holding in PPM South Africa. Operating earnings per share is calculated on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns, after tax and non-controlling interests.
 
Segment results that are reported to the Group Executive Committee include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items are mainly in relation to the Group Head Office and the Asia Regional Head Office.
 
Except in the case of the assets backing the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity separate account liabilities, operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for shareholder-financed business is determined on the basis of expected longer-term investment returns. In the case of assets backing the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity separate account liabilities, the basis of determining operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is as follows:
 
 
•        Assets backing UK annuity business liabilities. For UK annuity business, policyholder liabilities are determined by reference to current interest rates. The value movements of the assets covering liabilities are closely
         correlated with the related change in liabilities. Accordingly, asset value movements are recorded within the 'operating results based on longer-term investment returns'. Policyholder liabilities include a margin for credit risk.
         Variations between actual and best estimate expected impairments are recorded as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.
 
 
•        Assets backing unit-linked and US variable annuity business separate account liabilities. For such business, the policyholder unit liabilities are directly reflective of the asset value movements. Accordingly, the operating
         results based on longer-term investment returns reflect the current period value movements in unit liabilities and the backing assets.
 
In the case of other shareholder-financed business, the measurement of operating profit based on longer-term investment returns reflects the particular features of long-term insurance business where assets and liabilities are held for the long-term and for which the accounting basis for insurance liabilities under current IFRS is not generally conducive to demonstrating trends in underlying performance of life businesses exclusive of the effects of short-term fluctuations in market conditions. In determining the profit on this basis, the following key elements are applied to the results of the Group's shareholder-financed operations.
 
(a)    Debt and equity-type securities
Longer-term investment returns for both debt and equity-type securities comprise longer-term actual income receivable for the period (interest/dividend income) and longer-term capital returns.
 
In principle, for debt securities, the longer-term capital returns comprise two elements. The first element is a risk margin reserve (RMR) based charge for the expected level of defaults for the period, which is determined by reference to the credit quality of the portfolio. The difference between impairment losses in the reporting period and the RMR charge to the operating result is reflected in short-term fluctuations in investment returns. The second element is for the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses to operating results based on longer-term investment returns to the date when sold bonds would have otherwise matured.
 
The shareholder-backed operation for which the distinction between impairment losses and interest-related realised gains and losses is in practice relevant to a significant extent is Jackson. Jackson has used the ratings by Nationally Recognised Statistical Ratings Organisations (NRSRO) or ratings resulting from the regulatory ratings detail issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) developed by external third parties such as PIMCO or Black Rock Solutions to determine the average annual RMR. Further details of the RMR charge, as well as the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses, for Jackson are shown in note F(iii).
 
For debt securities backing non-linked shareholder-financed business of the UK insurance operations (other than the annuity business) and of the Asia insurance operations, the realised gains and losses are principally interest related. Accordingly, all realised gains and losses to date for these operations are being amortised over the period to the date those securities would otherwise have matured, with no explicit RMR charge.
 
At 30 June 2012 the level of unamortised interest-related realised gains and losses related to previously sold bonds for the Group was a net gain of £443 million (30 June 2011: £390 million; 31 December 2011: £462 million).
 
For equity-type securities, the longer-term rates of return are estimates of the long-term trend investment return for income and capital having regard to past performance, current trends and future expectations. Equity-type securities held for shareholder-financed operations other than the UK annuity business, unit-linked and US variable annuity are of significance for the US and Asia insurance operations. Different rates apply to different categories of equity-type securities.
 
As at 30 June 2012, the equity-type securities for US insurance non-separate account operations amounted to £1,017 million (30 June 2011: £862 million; 31 December 2011: £902 million). For these operations, the longer term rates of return for income and capital applied in half year 2012 are as follows:
 
   
Half year
2012
Half year
2011
Full year
2011
Equity-type securities such as common and preferred stock and portfolio holdings in mutual funds
5.6% to 6.2%
7.1% to 7.5%
5.9% to 7.5%
Other equity-type securities such as investments in limited partnerships and private equity funds
7.6% to 8.2%
9.1% to 9.5%
7.9% to 9.5%
       
 
For Asia insurance operations, investments in equity securities held for non-linked shareholder-financed operations amounted to £741 million as at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: £449 million; 31 December 2011: £590 million). Of this balance, £106 million (30 June 2011: £122 million; 31 December 2011: £88 million) related to the Group's 7.74 per cent (30 June 2011: 8.66 per cent; 31 December 2011: 7.37 per cent) stake in China Life Insurance Company of Taiwan. This £106 million (30 June 2011: £122 million; 31 December 2011: £88 million) investment is in the nature of a trade investment for which the determination of longer-term investment returns is on the basis as described in note (e) below. For the investments representing the other equity securities which had year end balances of £635 million (30 June 2011: £327 million; 31 December 2011: £502 million), the rates of return applied in half year 2012 and 2011 ranged from 1.0 per cent to 13.8 per cent with the rates applied varying by territory.
 
The longer-term rates of return discussed above for equity-type securities are determined after consideration by the Group's in-house economists of long-term expected real government bond returns, equity risk premium and long-term inflation. These rates are broadly stable from period to period but may be different between countries, reflecting, for example, differing expectations of inflation in each territory. The assumptions are for returns expected to apply in equilibrium conditions. The assumed rates of return do not reflect any cyclical variability in economic performance and are not set by reference to prevailing asset valuations.
 
(b)    US variable and fixed index annuity business
 
The following value movements for Jackson's variable and fixed index annuity business are excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns:
 
 
•  Fair value movements for equity-based derivatives;
 
•  Fair value movements for embedded derivatives for Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB) 'not for life' and fixed index annuity business, and Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit (GMIB) reinsurance (see note);
 
•  Movements in accounts carrying value of Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (GMDB) and GMWB 'for life' liabilities, for which, under the 'grandfathered' US GAAP applied under IFRS for Jackson's insurance assets and
   liabilities, the measurement basis gives rise to a muted impact of current period market movements;
 
•  Fee assessments and claim payments, in respect of guarantee liabilities; and
 
•  Related changes to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs for each of the above items.
 
Note:      US operations - Embedded derivatives for variable annuity guarantee features
The GMIB liability, which is fully reinsured, subject to a deductible and annual claim limits, is accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 944-80 Financial Services - Insurance - Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1) under IFRS using 'grandfathered' US GAAP. As the corresponding reinsurance asset is net settled, it is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39, 'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement', and the asset is therefore recognised at fair value. As the GMIB benefit is economically reinsured the mark to market element of the reinsurance asset is included as a component of short-term fluctuations in investment returns.
 
(c)    Other derivative value movements
Generally, derivative value movements are excluded from operating results based on longer-term investment returns (unless those derivative value movements broadly offset changes in the accounting value of other assets and liabilities included in operating profit). The principal example of non-equity based derivatives (for example interest rate swaps and swaptions) whose value movements are excluded from operating profit arises in Jackson. Non-equity based derivatives are primarily held by Jackson as part of a broadly-based hedging programme for features of Jackson's bond portfolio (for which value movements are booked in the statement of comprehensive income rather than the income statement), product liabilities (for which US GAAP accounting as 'grandfathered' under IFRS 4 does not fully reflect the economic features being hedged), and the interest rate exposure attaching to equity-based embedded derivatives.
 
(d)    Other liabilities to policyholders and embedded derivatives for product guarantees
Under IFRS, the degree to which the carrying values of liabilities to policyholders are sensitive to current market conditions varies between territories depending upon the nature of the 'grandfathered' measurement basis. In general, in those instances where the liabilities are particularly sensitive to routine changes in market conditions, the accounting basis is such that the impact of market movements on the assets and liabilities is broadly equivalent in the income statement, and operating profit based on longer-term investments returns is not distorted. In these circumstances, there is no need for the movement in the liability to be bifurcated between the elements that relate to longer-term market conditions and short-term effects.
 
However, some types of business movements in liabilities do require bifurcation to ensure that at the net level (i.e. after allocated investment return and change for policyholder benefits) the operating result reflects longer-term market returns.
 
Examples where such bifurcation is necessary are:
 
(i)      Asia
 
·     Vietnam participating business
For the participating business in Vietnam the liabilities include policyholders' interest in investment appreciation and other surplus.  Bonuses paid in a reporting period and accrued policyholders' interest in investment appreciation and other surpluses primarily reflect the level of realised investment gains above contract specific hurdle levels. For this business, operating profit based on longer-term investment returns includes the aggregate of longer-term returns on the relevant investments, a credit or charge equal to movements on the liability for the policyholders' interest in realised investment gains (net of any recovery of prior deficits on the participating pool), less amortisation over five years of current and prior movements on such credits or charges.
 
The overall purpose of these adjustments is to ensure that investment returns included in operating results equal longer-term returns but that in any one reporting period movements on liabilities to policyholders caused by investment returns are substantially matched in the presentation of the supplementary analysis of profit before tax attributable to policyholders.
 
 
·     Non-participating business
Bifurcation for the effect of determining the movement in the carrying value of liabilities to be included in operating results based on longer-term investment returns, and the residual element for the effect of using year end rates is included in short-term fluctuations and in the income statement.
 
 
·     Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (GMDB) product features
For unhedged GMDB liabilities accounted for under IFRS using 'grandfathered' US GAAP, such as in the Japanese business, the change in carrying value is determined under FASB ASC subtopic 944-80, Financial Services - Insurance - Separate Accounts (formerly SOP 03-1), which partially reflects changes in market conditions. Under the company's segmental basis of reporting the operating profit reflects the change in liability based on longer-term market conditions with the difference between the charge to the operating result and the movement reflected in the total result included in short-term fluctuations in investment returns.
 
(ii)     UK shareholder-backed annuity business
The operating result based on longer-term investment returns reflects the impact of value movements on policyholder liabilities for annuity business in PRIL and the PAC non-profit sub-fund after adjustments to allocate the following elements of the movement to the category of 'short-term fluctuations in investment returns' in the Group's supplementary analysis of profit:
 
(i)   The impact on credit risk provisioning of actual upgrades and downgrades during the period; and
 
(ii)  Credit experience compared to assumptions.
 
Credit experience reflects the impact of defaults and other similar experience, such as asset exchanges arising from debt restructuring by issuers that include effectively an element of permanent impairment of the security held. Negative experience compared to assumptions is included within short-term fluctuations in investment returns without further adjustment. This is to be contrasted with positive experience where surpluses are retained in short-term allowances for credit risk for IFRS reporting purposes.
 
The effects of other changes to credit risk provisioning are included in the operating result, as is the net effect of changes to the valuation rate of interest due to portfolio rebalancing to align more closely with management benchmark.
 
(e)    Fund management and other non-insurance businesses
For these businesses, the particular features applicable for life assurance noted above do not apply. For these businesses it is inappropriate to include returns in the operating result on the basis described above.  Instead, it is appropriate to generally include realised gains and losses (including impairments) in the operating result with unrealised gains and losses being included in short-term fluctuations. For this purpose impairments are calculated as the credit loss determined by comparing the projected cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate to the carrying value. In some instances it may also be appropriate to amortise realised gains and losses on derivatives and other financial instruments to operating results over a time period that reflects the underlying economic substance of the arrangements.
 
Additional segmental analysis of revenue
The additional segmental analyses of revenue from external customers excluding investment return and net of outward reinsurance premiums are as follows:
 
 
Half year 2012
 
Asia 
US 
UK 
Intra-group 
Total 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Revenue from external customers:
         
Insurance operations
3,871 
7,063 
3,374 
14,308 
Asset management
136 
357 
462 
(154)
801 
Unallocated corporate
10 
10 
Intra-group revenue eliminated on consolidation
(42)
(36)
(76)
154 
Total revenue from external customers
3,965 
7,384 
3,770 
15,119 
 
 
Half year 2011
 
Asia 
US 
UK 
Intra-group 
Total 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Revenue from external customers:
         
Insurance operations
3,568 
6,664 
2,872 
(10)
13,094 
Asset management
129 
332 
448 
(152)
757 
Unallocated corporate
Intra-group revenue eliminated on consolidation
(41)
(35)
(86)
162 
Total revenue from external customers
3,656 
6,961 
3,236 
13,853 
 
 
Full year 2011
 
Asia 
US 
UK 
Intra-group 
Total 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Revenue from external customers:
         
Insurance operations
7,307 
12,516 
5,740 
25,563 
Asset management
290 
653 
923 
(323)
1,543 
Unallocated corporate
40 
40 
Intra-group revenue eliminated on consolidation
(93)
(68)
(162)
323 
Total revenue from external customers
7,504 
13,101 
6,541 
27,146 
 
Revenue from external customers is made up of the following:
 
 
Half year 
Half year  
Half year  
 
2012 
£m 
2011 
 £m 
2011 
 £m 
Earned premiums, net of reinsurance
14,111 
12,930 
25,277 
Fee income from investment contract business and asset management (presented as 'Other income')
1,008 
923 
1,869 
Total revenue from external customers
15,119 
13,853 
27,146 
 
In their capacity as fund managers to fellow Prudential Group subsidiaries, M&G, Eastspring Investments and the US asset management businesses generate fees for investment management and related services. These services are charged at appropriate arm's length prices, typically priced as a percentage of funds under management. Intra-group fees included within asset management revenue were earned by the following asset management segment:
 
   
Half year
2012
£m
Half year
2011
£m
Full year
2011
£m
         
Intra-group revenue generated by:
     
 
M&G
76 
76 
162 
 
Asia
42 
41 
93 
 
US broker-dealer and asset management (including Curian)
36 
35 
68 
Total intra-group fees included within asset management segment
154 
152 
323 
 
At half year 2011 a further £10 million of intra-group revenue was recorded between UK insurance operations.
 
Revenue from external customers of Asia, US and UK insurance operations shown above are net of outwards reinsurance premiums of £85 million, £38 million, and £67 million respectively (half year 2011: £79 million, £37 million and £62 million respectively; full year 2011: £226 million, £72 million and £131 million respectively).
 
 
D    Profit before tax - Asset management operations
 
 
The profit included in the income statement in respect of asset management operations is as follows:
 
   
M&G
US
Eastspring
Investments
note (iv) 
Half year
2012
Half year
2011
Full year
2011
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Revenue (excluding revenue of consolidated investment funds and NPH broker-dealer fees) 
607 
142 
138 
887 
802 
1,583 
Revenue of consolidated investment fundsnote (i)
(24)
(24)
18 
NPH broker-dealer feesnote (i)
 215 
 215 
207 
405 
Gross revenue *
583 
357 
138 
1,078 
1,027 
1,997 
Charges (excluding charges of consolidated investment funds and NPH broker-dealer fees)  
(298)
(125)
(104)
(527)
(534)
(1,147)
Charges of consolidated investment fundsnote (i)
24 
24 
(18)
(9)
NPH broker-dealer feesnote (i)
(215)
(215)
(207)
(405)
Gross charges  
(274)
(340)
(104)
(718)
(759)
(1,561)
Profit before tax  
309 
17 
34 
360 
268 
436 
Comprising:  
           
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsnote (ii)
199 
17 
34 
250 
259 
461 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns note (iii)
41 
41 
13 
(29)
Shareholder's share of actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
27 
27 
(4)
Gain on dilution of Group holdingsnote G
42 
42 
   
Profit before tax  
309 
17 
34 
360 
268 
436 
 
* For half year 2012 gross revenue includes the Group's share of results from the associate PPM South Africa. In prior years, PPM South Africa was treated as a subsidiary and accounted for accordingly.
 
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      Under IFRS, disclosure details of segment revenue are required. The segment revenue of the Group's asset management operations are required to include two items that are for amounts which, reflecting their commercial nature,
         are also wholly reflected as charges within the income statement. After allowing for these charges, there is no effect on profit from these two items which are:
 
(a)  Investment funds managed on behalf of third parties and are consolidated under IFRS in recognition of the control arrangements for the funds. The gains and losses of these funds are non-recourse to M&G and the Group; and
 
(b)  NPH broker-dealer fees which represent commissions received, which are then paid on to the writing brokers on sales of investment products.
 
 
The presentation in the table above shows the amounts attributable to these two items so that the underlying revenue and charges can be seen.
 
 
 
(ii)     M&G operating profit based on longer-term investment returns:
 
           
Half year 
Half year 
 **
Full year 
 **
           
2012
£m 
2011 
£m 
 
2011 
£m 
 
 
Asset management fee income
     
351 
329  
 
662  
 
 
Other income
     
1  
 
4  
 
 
Staff costs
     
(120)
(125) 
 
(270) 
 
 
Other costs
     
(66)
(58) 
 
(134) 
 
 
Underlying profit before performance-related fees
     
168 
147  
 
262  
 
 
Share of associate results
     
13  
 
26  
 
 
Performance-related fees
     
12  
 
13  
 
 
Operating profit from asset management operations
     
175 
172  
 
301  
 
 
Operating profit from Prudential Capital
     
24 
27  
 
56 
 
 
Total M&G operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
     
199 
199  
 
357  
 
    
**   Following the divestment in the first half of 2012 of M&G's holding in PPM South Africa from 75 per cent to 47 per cent and its treatment from 2012 as an associate, M&G's operating income and expense no longer include
       any element from PPM South Africa, with the share of associate's results being presented in a separate line. The table above reflects the retrospective application of this basis of presentation for half year 2011 and full year
       2011 results. Total profit remains the same.
 
The difference between the fees and other income shown above in respect of asset management operations, and the revenue figure for M&G shown (excluding consolidated investment funds) in the main table primarily relates to total revenue of Prudential Capital (including short-term fluctuations) of £99 million (half year 2011: £71 million; full year 2011: £96 million) and commissions which have been netted off in arriving at the fee income of £351 million (half year 2011: £329 million; full year 2011: £662 million) in the table above. The difference in the presentation of commission is aligned with how management reviews the business.
 
 
(iii)   Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for M&G are primarily in respect of unrealised value movements on Prudential Capital's bond portfolio.
 
(iv)    Included within Eastspring Investments revenue and charges are £41 million of commissions (half year 2011: £30 million; full year 2011: £44 million).
 
 
 
E     Key assumptions, estimates and bases used to measure insurance assets and liabilities
 
 
 
i         Asia insurance operations
In half year 2012, IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for Asia insurance operations included a net £17 million credit arising from a small number of items that are not anticipated to reoccur in future periods (half year 2011: £25 million; full year 2011: £38 million).
 
 
ii       US insurance operations
Amortisation of deferred acquisition costs
Under the Group's basis of applying IFRS 4, the insurance assets and liabilities of Jackson's traditional life business are accounted for under US GAAP. In line with industry practice, Jackson applies the mean reversion technique method for amortisation of deferred acquisition costs which dampens the effects of short-term market movements on expected gross profits against which deferred acquisition costs are amortised. To the extent that the mean reversion methodology does not fully dampen the effects of market returns there is a charge or credit for accelerated or decelerated amortisation. For half year 2012, reflecting the positive market returns in the period, there was a credit for decelerated amortisation of £25 million (half year 2011: charge for accelerated amortisation £66 million; full year 2011: charge for accelerated amortisation of £190 million, as explained in note Q).
 
 
iii     UK insurance operations
Annuity business: allowance for credit risk
For IFRS reporting, the results for UK shareholder-backed annuity business are particularly sensitive to the allowances made for credit risk. The allowance is reflected in the deduction from the valuation rate of interest for discounting projected future annuity payments to policyholders that would have otherwise applied. Since mid-2007 there has been a significant increase in the actual and perceived credit risk associated with corporate bonds as reflected in the significant widening that has occurred in corporate bond spreads. Although bond spreads over swap rates have narrowed from their peak in March 2009, they are still high compared with the levels seen in the years immediately preceding the start of the dislocated markets in 2007. The allowance that should therefore be made for credit risk remains a particular area of judgement.
 
The additional yield received on corporate bonds relative to swaps can be broken into the following constituent parts:
 
(a)  the expected level of future defaults;
 
(b) the credit risk premium that is required to compensate for the potential volatility in default levels;
 
(c)  the liquidity premium that is required to compensate for the lower liquidity of corporate bonds relative to swaps; and
 
(d) the mark to market risk premium that is required to compensate for the potential volatility in corporate bond spreads (and hence market values) at the time of sale.
The sum of (c) and (d) is often referred to as 'liquidity premium'.
 
The allowance for credit risk comprises (i) an amount for long-term best estimate defaults and (ii) additional provisions for credit risk premium, downgrade resilience, and short-term defaults.
 
The weighted components of the bond spread over swap rates for shareholder-backed fixed and linked annuity business for PRIL at 30 June 2012, 30 June 2011 and 31 December 2011, based on the asset mix at the relevant balance sheet date are shown below.
 
30 June 2012
Pillar 1 
 regulatory 
basis 
 (bps)
Adjustment 
from 
regulatory to 
IFRS basis 
 (bps)
IFRS 
 (bps)
Bond spread over swap rates note (i)
191 
191 
Credit risk allowance
     
 
Long-term expected defaults note (ii)
16 
16 
 
Additional provisionsnote (iii)
50 
(23)
27 
Total credit risk allowance
66 
(23)
43 
Liquidity premium
125 
23 
148 
 
30 June 2011
Pillar 1 
 regulatory 
 basis 
 (bps)
Adjustment 
from 
regulatory to
  IFRS basis 
 (bps)
IFRS 
 (bps)
Bond spread over swap rates note (i)
151 
151 
Credit risk allowance
     
 
Long-term expected defaults note (ii)
16 
16 
 
Additional provisionsnote (iii)
51 
(25)
26 
Total credit risk allowance
67 
(25)
42 
Liquidity premium
84 
25 
109 
 
31 December 2011
Pillar 1 
 regulatory 
 basis 
(bps)
Adjustment
 from
 regulatory to 
 IFRS basis 
 (bps)
IFRS 
 (bps)
Bond spread over swap rates note (i)
201 
201 
Credit risk allowance
     
 
Long-term expected defaults note (ii)
15 
15 
 
Additional provisions note (iii)
51 
(24)
27 
Total credit risk allowance
66 
(24)
42 
Liquidity premium
135 
24 
159 
 
Notes
 
(i)      Bond spread over swap rates reflect market observed data.
 
(ii)     Long-term expected defaults are derived by applying Moody's data from 1970 to 2009 and the definition of the credit rating used is the second highest credit rating published by Moody's, Standard and Poor's and Fitch. 
 
(iii)    Additional provisions comprise credit risk premium, which is derived from Moody's data from 1970 to 2009, an allowance for a 1 notch downgrade of the portfolio subject to credit risk, and an additional allowance for short-term
         defaults.
 
 
The prudent Pillar 1 regulatory basis reflects the overriding objective of ensuring sufficient provisions and capital to ensure payments to policyholders can be made. The approach for IFRS aims to establish liabilities that are closer to 'best estimate'.
 
Movement in the credit risk allowance for PRIL in the six months ended 30 June 2012
 
The movement in the first half of 2012 of the average basis points allowance for PRIL on IFRS basis is as follows:
 
     
 
Pillar 1
 Regulatory
 basis
IFRS
 
(bps)
Total 
(bps)
Total 
     
Total allowance for credit risk at 31 December 2011
66 
42 
Credit rating changes
Asset trading
Asset mix (effect of market value movements)
New business and other
(2)
Total allowance for credit risk at 30 June 2012
66 
43 
 
For half year 2011 and other prior periods, favourable credit experience was retained in short-term allowances for credit risk on both the Pillar 1 and IFRS bases. From full year 2011 onwards the methodology applied is to continue to retain such surplus experience in the IFRS credit provisions but not for Pillar 1.
 
Overall the movement has led to the credit allowance for Pillar 1 purposes to be 35 per cent (30 June 2011: 45 per cent; 31 December 2011: 33 per cent) of the bond spread over swap rates. For IFRS purposes it represents 22 per cent (30 June 2011: 28 per cent; 31 December 2011: 20 per cent) of the bond spread over swap rates.
 
The reserves for credit risk allowance at 30 June 2012 for the UK shareholder annuity fund were as follows:
 
 
Pillar 1
 Regulatory
 basis
IFRS
 
Total
£bn
Total
£bn
     
PRIL
1.9 
1.2 
PAC non-profit sub-fund
0.2 
0.1 
Total - 30 June 2012
2.1 
1.3 
 
Total - 31 December 2011
2.0 
1.3 
Total - 30 June 2011
1.8 
1.1 
     
 
 
 
F     Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business
 
 
   
Half year
Half year*
Full year*
   
2012
 £m
2011
 £m
2011
 £m
Insurance operations:
     
 
Asia note (ii)
42 
14 
(92)
 
US note (iii)
(125)
(167)
 
UK notes (iv)
44 
159 
Other operations:
     
 
Economic hedge value movementnote (v)
(15)
 
Othernote (vi)
61 
28 
(120)
Totalnote (i)
(32)
93 
(220)
 
Notes
 
(i)      General overview of defaults
   The Group did not experience any defaults on its shareholder-backed debt securities portfolio in half year 2012 and 2011.
 
(ii)     Asia insurance operations
   The fluctuations for Asia insurance operations of positive £42 million in half year 2012 (half year 2011: £14 million; full year 2011: negative £(92) million) include a £13 million unrealised gain (half year 2011: £26 million; full year
   2011: unrealised loss £(14) million) on the Group's 7.74 per cent stake (30 June 2011: 8.66 per cent; 31 December 2011: 7.37 per cent) in China Life Insurance Company of Taiwan.
 
(iii)    US insurance operations
 
          The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US insurance operations comprise the following items:
 
 
   
Half year
Half year*
Full year*
   
2012
 £m
2011
 £m
2011
 £m
Short-term fluctuations relating to debt securities:
     
Charges in the period
     
 
Defaults
 
Losses on sales of impaired and deteriorating bonds  
(16)
(2)
(32)
 
Bond write downs  
(25)
(14)
(62)
 
Recoveries/reversals
42 
 
Total charges in the periodnote (a)
(33)
(13)
(52)
Less: Risk margin charge included in operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsnote (b)
38 
35 
70 
   
22 
18 
Interest related realised gains (losses):
     
 
Arising in the period
29 
92 
158 
 
Less: Amortisation of gains and losses arising in current and prior years to operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
(44)
(43)
(84)
   
(15)
49 
74 
Related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs
(9)
(3)
Total short-term fluctuations related to debt securities
(8)
62 
89 
Derivatives (other than equity related): market value movement (net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs) note (c)
179 
29 
554 
Net equity hedge results (net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs) note (d)
(320)
(107)
(788)
Equity type investments: actual less longer-term return (net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs) note C
22 
28 
Other items (net of related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs)
(5)
(22)
Total
(125)
(167)
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
The short-term fluctuations shown in the table above are stated net of the related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs of £80 million (half year 2011: £68 million; full year 2011: £287 million). See note Q.
 
Notes
(a)     The charges on the debt securities of Jackson comprise the following:
 
   
Defaults 
Bond 
 write 
 downs 
Losses on sale 
 of impaired 
 and deteriorating 
 bonds 
Recoveries/
 reversals 
Total 
Half year 
2012 
Total 
Half year 
2011 
Total 
Full year 
2011 
   
£m 
£m  
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Residential mortgage-backed securities:
             
 
Prime (including agency)
-
(1)
(1)
(10)
(25)
 
Alt-A
-
-
(2)
(1)
(1)
 
Sub-prime
-
(3)
-
-
(3)
-
Total residential mortgage-backed securities
-
(4)
(3)
(1)
(11)
(26)
Corporate debt securities
-
-
(13)
(12)
(2)
(14)
Other
-
(21)
-
(20)
-
(12)
Total
-
(25)
(16)
(33)
(13)
(52)
 
 
(b)     The risk margin reserve (RMR) charge for longer-term credit-related losses included in operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for half year 2012 is based on an average annual RMR of 27 basis points (half year
          2011: 25 basis points; full year 2011: 25 basis points) on average book values of US$ 44.2 billion (half year 2011: US$ 44.5 billion; full year 2011: US$ 44.4 billion) as shown below:
 
 
                             
 
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
 
Full year 2011
Moody's rating category
 (or equivalent under
 NAIC ratings of MBS)
Average
 book
 value
US$m
RMR 
US$m 
Annual expected
 loss £m*
 
Average
 book
 value
US$m
RMR 
US$m 
Annual expected
 loss £m*
 
Average
 book
 value
US$m
RMR 
US$m 
Annual expected
 loss £m
                             
A3 or higher
21,149 
0.11 
(23)
(15)
 
21,283 
0.08 
(16) 
(10) 
 
21,255 
0.08 
(17) 
(11) 
Baa1, 2 or 3
20,655 
0.26 
(54)
(34)
 
20,729 
0.27 
(55) 
(34) 
 
20,688 
0.26 
(54) 
(34) 
Ba1, 2 or 3
1,616 
1.11 
(18)
(11)
 
1,826 
1.02 
(19) 
(12) 
 
1,788 
1.04 
(19) 
(11) 
B1, 2 or 3
560 
2.97 
(17)
(11)
 
425 
3.01 
(13) 
(8) 
 
474 
3.01 
(14) 
(9) 
Below B3
174 
3.77 
(6)
(4)
 
221 
3.87 
(9) 
(6) 
 
211 
3.88 
(8) 
(5) 
Total
44,154 
0.27 
(118)
(75)
 
44,484 
0.25 
(112) 
(70)
 
44,416 
0.25 
(112) 
(70) 
                             
Related change to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs (see below)
18 
11 
     
22 
14 
     
22 
14 
Risk margin reserve charge to operating profit for longer-term credit related losses
100 
(64)
     
(90)
(56) 
     
(90) 
(56) 
* Annual expected loss. Charge for the half year 2012: £(38) million (half year 2011: £(35) million).
 
Consistent with the basis of measurement of insurance assets and liabilities for Jackson's IFRS results, the charges and credits to operating profits based on longer-term investment returns are partially offset by related changes to amortisation of deferred acquisition costs.
 
 
 (c)    The gain of £179 million (half year 2011: gain of £29 million;full year 2011: gain of £554 million) is principally for the value movement of non-equity freestanding derivatives held to manage interest rate exposures, and for the
          GMIB reinsurance asset that is considered to be a derivative under IAS 39. 
 
        
 
   Under IAS 39, unless hedge accounting is applied value movements on derivatives are recognised in the income statement. For the derivatives programme attaching to the general account business, the Group has continued its
   approach of not seeking to apply hedge accounting under IAS 39. This decision reflects the inherent constraints of IAS 39 for hedge accounting investments and life assurance assets and liabilities under 'grandfathered' US
   GAAP under IFRS 4.
 
 
  
(d)     The amount of £(320) million (half year 2011: £(107) million; full year 2011: £(788) million) relates to the net equity hedge accounting effect of the equity-based derivatives and associated guarantee liabilities of Jackson's variable
          and fixed index annuity business. The details of the value movements excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns are as described in note C. The principal movements are for (i) value for free
          standing and GMWB 'not for life' embedded derivatives, (ii) accounting values for GMDB and GMWB 'for life' guarantees (iii) fee assessments and claim payments in respect of guarantee liabilities and (iv) related changes to
          DAC amortisation. In half year 2012, the charge of £(320) million principally reflects fair value movements on free standing futures contracts and short-dated options. The movements included within the net equity hedge result
          included the effect of lower interest rates for which the movement was particularly significant in 2011. The value movements on derivatives held to manage this and any other interest rate exposure are included in the £179
          million (half year 2011: £29 million; full year 2011: £554 million) described above in note (c).
 
In addition to the items discussed above, for US insurance operations, included within the statement of comprehensive income is an increase in net unrealised gains on debt securities classified as available-for-sale of £482 million (half year 2011: £237 million; full year 2011: £811 million). Temporary market value movements do not reflect defaults or impairments. Additional details on the movement in the value of the Jackson portfolio are included in note U.
 
 
 
(iv)    UK insurance operations
The short-term fluctuations gain for UK insurance operations of £5 million (half year 2011: £44 million;full year 2011: £159 million) reflects net investment gains arising in the period on fixed income assets backing the capital of the annuity business.
 
(v)     Economic hedge value movement
 
          This item represents the value movement in the half year 2012 on short-dated hedge contracts to provide downside protection against severe UK equity market falls.
 
(vi)    Other
 
           Short-term fluctuations of other operations, in addition to the previously discussed economic hedge value movement, were positive £61 million (half year 2011: positive £28 million; full year 2011: negative £(120) million)
 
representing unrealised value movements on investments, including centrally held swaps to manage foreign exchange and certain macro-economic exposures of the Group.
 
 
G    Changes to Group's holdings
 
PPM South Africa
 
On 22 February 2012, M&G completed transactions to (i) exchange bonus share rights for equity holdings with the employees of PPM South Africa and (ii) the sale of a 10 per cent holding in the majority of the business to Thesele Group, a minority shareholder, for cash. Following these transactions M&G's majority holding in the business reduced from 75 per cent to 47 per cent. Under IFRS requirements, the divestment is accounted for as the disposal of the 75 per cent holding and an acquisition of a 47 per cent holding at fair value resulting in a reclassification of PPM South Africa from a subsidiary to an associate. As a consequence of the IFRS application, the transactions give rise to a gain on dilution of £42 million. This amount is accounted for in the Group's half year 2012 supplementary analysis of profit as a gain on dilution of holdings which is excluded from the Group's IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.  The cash outflow arising from this change to the Group's holdings, as shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows, was £23 million, representing cash and cash equivalents no longer consolidated net of the cash proceeds received.
 
 
H    Acquisition costs and other expenditure
 
 
Half year
Half year*
Full year*
 
2012 
 £m 
2011 
 £m 
2011 
 £m 
Acquisition costs incurred
1,192 
1,106 
2,264 
Acquisition costs deferred less amortisation of acquisition costs
(327)
(218)
(520)
Administration costs and other expenditure
1,746 
1,764 
3,524 
Movements in amounts attributable to external unit holders
(19)
13 
(148)
Total acquisition costs and other expenditure
2,592 
2,665 
5,120 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
The acquisition costs as shown on the table above relate to policy acquisition costs. Acquisition costs from business combinations are included within other expenditure.
 
Included within total acquisition costs and other expenditure is depreciation of £44 million (half year 2011; £45 million; full year 2011: £95 million).
 
The total amounts for acquisition costs and other expenditure shown above includes Corporate Expenditure shown in note C (Segment disclosure - income statement). The charge for Corporate Expenditure comprises:
 
   
Half year 
2012 
Half year 
2011 
Full year 
 2011 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
Group head office
86 
88 
168 
Asia regional office
     
 
Gross costs
45 
48 
86 
 
Recharges to Asia operations
(11)
(18)
(35)
   
34 
30 
51 
Total
120 
118 
219 
 
 
 
I      Allocation of investment return between policyholders and shareholders
 
Investment return is attributable to policyholders and shareholders. A key feature of the accounting policies under IFRS is that the investment return included in the income statement relates to all investment assets of the Group, irrespective of whether the return is attributable to shareholders, to policyholders or to the unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, the latter two of which have no net impact on shareholders' profit. The table below provides a breakdown of the investment return for each regional operation attributable to each type of business.
 
     
Half Year
2012
Half Year
2011
Full year
2011
     
£m 
£m 
£m 
Asia operations
     
 
Policyholders' returns
     
   
Assets backing unit-linked liabilities
296 
208 
(812)
   
With-profits business
423 
404 
756 
     
719 
612 
(56)
Shareholders' returns
333 
178 
341 
Total
1,052 
790 
285 
           
US operations
     
 
Policyholders ' returns
     
   
Assets held to back (separate account) unit-linked liabilities
2,095 
1,530 
(869)
 
Shareholders' returns
     
   
Realised gains and losses (including impairment losses on available-for-sale bonds)
(331)
81 
(238)
   
Value movements on derivative hedging programme for general account business
252 
93 
841 
   
Interest/dividend income and value movements on other financial instruments for which fair value movements are booked in the income statement
638 
570 
1,714 
     
559 
744 
2,317 
Total
2,654 
2,274 
1,448 
           
UK operations
     
 
Policyholders' returns
     
   
Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF)
289 
303 
321 
   
Assets held to back unit-linked liabilities
534 
657 
208 
   
With-profits fund (excluding SAIF)
3,000 
2,808 
4,094 
     
3,823 
3,768 
4,623 
 
Shareholders' returns
     
   
Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL)
772 
555 
2,153 
   
Other business
461 
342 
956 
     
1,233 
897 
3,109 
Total
5,056 
4,665 
7,732 
           
Unallocated corporate
     
   
Shareholders' returns
21 
(105)
Group Total
     
   
Policyholders' returns
6,637 
5,910 
3,698 
   
Shareholders' returns
2,125 
1,840 
5,662 
Total
8,762 
7,750 
9,360 
 
The returns as shown in the table above are delineated between those returns allocated to policyholders and those allocated to shareholders. In making this distinction, returns allocated to policyholders are those from investments in which shareholders have no direct economic interest, namely:
 
•     Unit-linked business in the UK, Asia and SAIF in the UK, for which the investment return is wholly attributable to policyholders;
 
•     Separate account business of US operations, the investment return of which is also wholly attributable to policyholders; and
 
•     With-profits business (excluding SAIF) in the UK and Asia (in which the shareholders' economic interest, and the basis of recognising IFRS basis profits, is restricted to a share of the actuarially determined surplus for
      distribution (in the UK 10 per cent)). Except for this surplus the investment return of the with-profit funds is attributable to policyholders (through the asset-share liabilities) or the unallocated surplus, which is accounted for as a
      liability under IFRS 4.
 
The investment return related to the types of business above does not impact shareholders' profits directly. However there is an indirect impact, for example, investment-related fees or the effect of investment return on the shareholders' share of the cost of bonuses of with-profits funds.
 
Investment returns for unit-linked and similar products have reciprocal impact on benefits and claims, with a decrease in market returns on the attached pool of assets affecting policyholder benefits on these products. Similarly for with-profits funds there is a close correlation between increases or decreases in investment returns and the level of combined charge for policyholder benefits and movement on unallocated surplus that arises from such returns.
 
Shareholders' returns
 
For shareholder-backed non-participating business of the UK (comprising PRIL and other non-linked non-participating business) and of the Asia operations, the investment return is not directly attributable to policyholders and therefore does impact shareholders' profit directly. However, it should be noted that for UK shareholder-backed annuity business, principally PRIL, where the durations of asset and liability cash flows are closely matched, the discount rate applied to measure liabilities to policyholders (under 'grandfathered' UK GAAP and under IFRS 4) reflects movements in asset yields (after allowances for the future defaults) of the backing portfolios. Therefore, the net impact on the shareholders' profits of the investment return of the assets backing liabilities of the UK shareholder-backed annuity business is after taking into account the consequential effect on the movement in policyholder liabilities.
 
Changes in shareholders' investment returns for US operations reflect primarily movements in the investment income, movements in the value of the derivative instruments held to manage the general account assets and liability portfolio, and realised gains and losses. However, separately, reflecting Jackson's types of business, an allocation is made to policyholders through the application of crediting rates.
 
The majority of the investments held to back the US general account business are debt securities for which the available-for-sale designation is applied for IFRS basis reporting. Under this designation the return included in the income statement reflects the aggregate of investment income and realised gains and losses (including impairment losses). However, movements in unrealised appreciation or depreciation are recognised in other comprehensive income. The return on these assets is attributable to shareholders.
 
J     Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, net of reinsurance
 
Benefits and claims represent payments, including final bonuses, to policyholders in respect of maturities, surrenders and deaths plus the change in technical provisions (which primarily represents the movement in amounts owed to policyholders). Benefits and claims are amounts attributable to policyholders. The movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds represents the transfer to (from) the unallocated surplus each year through a (charge) credit to the income statement of the annual excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure of the with-profits funds, after declaration and attribution of the cost of bonuses to policyholders and shareholders.
Benefits and claims and movements in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds net of reinsurance can be further analysed as follows:
 
 
 Half year 2012
 
Asia
US
UK
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
Claims incurred
(1,587)
(2,499)
(5,057)
(9,143)
Increase in policyholder liabilities
(2,109)
(6,410)
(1,600)
(10,119)
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds(note)
137 
(725)
(588)
 
(3,559)
(8,909)
(7,382)
(19,850)
 
 
 Half year 2011
 
Asia
US
UK
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
Claims incurred
(1,460)
(2,647)
(4,838)
(8,945)
Increase in policyholder liabilities
(1,827)
(5,465)
(713)
(8,005)
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds(note)
52 
-
(692)
(640)
 
(3,235)
(8,112)
(6,243)
(17,590)
 
 
 Full year 2011
 
Asia
US
UK
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
Claims incurred
(2,955)
(4,678)
(10,103)
(17,736)
Increase in policyholder liabilities
(2,950)
(7,973)
(1,655)
(12,578)
Movement in unallocated surplus of with-profits funds(note)
540 
485 
1,025 
 
(5,365)
(12,651)
(11,273)
(29,289)
 
Note
The unallocated surplus of with-profits funds represents the excess of assets of with-profits funds over policyholder and other liabilities of the funds. The surplus is therefore sensitive to the measurement basis of the assets and liabilities. The movements on unallocated surplus of with-profits funds also reflect the impact of market fluctuations of investment values backing the surplus. The Asia movement principally arises in the Hong Kong branch operation.
 
 
 
K    Tax
 
 
 
i        Tax charge
 
 
 
The total tax charge comprises:
 
 
Half year 2012
 
Half year 
2011 *
 
Full year 
2011*
 
Current
 tax
Deferred
 tax
Total 
 
Total  
 
Total  
Tax charge
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
 
£m 
UK tax
(98)
14 
(84)
 
(85)
 
(20)
Overseas tax
(294)
31 
(263)
 
(292)
 
(372)
Total tax charge
(392)
45 
(347)
 
(377)
 
(392)
 
The current tax charge of £392 million includes £8 million for 2012 (half year 2011: charge of £8 million; full year 2011: charge of £16 million) in respect of the tax charge for Hong Kong. The Hong Kong current tax charge is calculated as 16.5 per cent for all periods on either (i) 5 per cent of the net insurance premium or (ii) the estimated assessable profits, depending on the nature of the business written.
 
The total tax charge comprises tax attributable to policyholders and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds, unit-linked policies and shareholders as shown below:
 
 
 
Half year 2012
 
Half year 
2011 *
 
Full year 
2011*
 
Current
 tax
Deferred
 tax
Total
 
Total  
 
Total  
Tax charge
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
 
£m 
Tax (charge) credit to policyholders' returns
(137)
97 
(40)
 
(94)
 
17 
Tax charge attributable to shareholders' returns
(255)
(52)
(307)
 
(283)
 
(409)
Total tax charge
(392)
45 
(347)
 
(377)
 
(392)
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
The principal reason for the reduction in the tax charge attributable to policyholders' returns compared to the six month period ended June 2011 is due to a reduction in the value of unrealised gains on investments which results in a decrease in the policyholders' deferred tax charge. An explanation of the tax charge attributable to shareholders is shown in note (iii) below.
 
 
ii       Deferred tax
 
 
 
The statement of financial position contains the following deferred tax assets and liabilities:
 
 
30 June 2012
30 June 2011*
31 December 2011*
 
Deferred tax 
 assets 
Deferred tax 
 liabilities 
Deferred tax 
assets 
Deferred tax 
liabilities 
Deferred tax 
assets 
Deferred tax 
liabilities 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Unrealised gains and losses on investments
206 
(1,629)
319 
(1,654)
297 
(1,566)
Balances relating to investment and insurance contracts
22 
(969)
17 
(745)
13 
(667)
Short-term timing differences
1,820 
(1,307)
1,374 
(1,524)
1,513 
(1,687)
Capital allowances
12 
(8)
18 
(13)
15 
(9)
Unused tax losses
119 
392 
438 
Total
2,179 
(3,913)
2,120 
(3,936)
2,276 
(3,929)
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that they are regarded as recoverable, that is to the extent that, on the basis of all available evidence, it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be suitable taxable profits from which the future reversal of the underlying temporary differences can be deducted.
 
The taxation regimes applicable across the Group often apply separate rules to trading and capital profits and losses. The distinction between temporary differences that arise from items of either a trading or capital nature may affect the recognition of deferred tax assets. Accordingly, for the 2012 half year results and financial position at 30 June 2012, the possible tax benefit of approximately £156 million (30 June 2011: £106 million; 31 December 2011: £158 million), which may arise from capital losses valued at approximately £0.7 billion (30 June 2011: £0.5 billion; 31 December 2011: £0.7 billion), is sufficiently uncertain that it has not been recognised. In addition, a potential deferred tax asset of £122 million (30 June 2011: £ 241 million; 31 December 2011: £147 million), which may arise from tax losses and other potential temporary differences totalling £0.5 billion (30 June 2011: £1.0 billion; 31 December 2011: £0.6 billion) is sufficiently uncertain that it has not been recognised. Of these, losses of £116 million will expire within the next 10 years. The remaining losses have no expiry date.
 
Under IAS 12, 'Income Taxes', deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability settled, based on the tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or are substantively enacted at the end of the reporting periods.
 
As part of Finance Act 2011, the UK government enacted a corporation tax rate change to 25 per cent with effect from 1 April 2012. However in March 2012, the UK government announced a revised tax rate change to 24 per cent which was effective from 1 April 2012 after being substantively enacted on 26 March 2012 by a resolution under the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1968. Additionally, the reduction in the UK corporation tax rate to 23 per cent from 1 April 2013 was substantively enacted on 3 July 2012 in the 2012 Finance Bill, however this has no effect on half year 2012 financial results.
 
The subsequent proposed phased rate changes to 22 per cent are expected to have the effect of reducing the UK with-profits and shareholder-backed business elements of the net deferred tax balances at 30 June 2012 by £55 million.
 
The UK Government has announced that there will be substantial changes to the rules relating to the taxation of life insurance companies, which will be effective 1 January 2013. The effects of these changes are not reflected in the financial statements for the period ended 30 June 2012 as the 2012 Finance Act had not been enacted at the balance sheet date. Based on the Finance (No.4) Bill, the new regime is not expected to have a material impact on the Group's net assets.
 
iii     Reconciliation of tax charge on profit attributable to shareholders for continuing operations
 
     
Asia 
insurance 
 operations 
US 
 insurance 
operations 
UK 
 insurance 
operations 
Other 
operations 
Total 
Half year 2012
£m (except for tax rates)
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders:
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note (iii)
406 
442 
353 
(39)
1,162 
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns  
42 
(125)
46 
(32)
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
78 
87 
 
Gain on dilution of Group holdings
42 
42 
 
Total
448 
317 
367 
127 
1,259 
Expected tax rate:note (i)
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note (iii)
24%
35%
24.5%
24.5%
28%
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns  
24%
35%
24.5%
24.5%
69%
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
24.5%
24.5%
24.5%
 
Gain on dilution of Group holdings
24.5%
24.5%
Expected tax (charge) credit based on expected tax rates:
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note (iii)
(97)
(155)
(86)
10 
(328)
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns  
(10)
44 
(1)
(11)
22 
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
(2)
(19)
(21)
 
Gain on dilution of Group holdings
(10)
(10)
Total
(107)
(111)
(89)
(30)
(337)
Variance from expected tax charge: note (ii)
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note (iii)
19 
40 
12 
(28)
43 
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns  
(13)
(6)
(4)
(23)
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
 
Gain on dilution of Group holdings
10 
10 
Total
40 
(22)
30 
Actual tax (charge) credit:
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsnote (iii)
(78)
(115)
(74)
(18)
(285)
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
(23)
44 
(7)
(15)
(1)
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
(2)
(19)
(21)
 
Gain on dilution of Group holdings
 
Total  
(101)
(71)
(83)
(52)
(307)
Actual tax rate:  
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
19%
26%
21%
(46)%
25%
 
Total profit
23%
22%
23%
41%
24%
 
   
   
Asia 
insurance 
 operations 
US 
 insurance 
operations 
UK 
 insurance 
operations 
Other 
operations 
Total 
Half year 2011*
£m (except for tax rates)
Profit before tax attributable to shareholders:  
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
322 
340 
353 
13 
1,028 
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
14 
44 
28 
93 
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes   
(2)
(5)
(7)
 
Total  
336 
347 
395 
36 
1,114 
Expected tax rate: note (i)
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
24%
35%
26.5%
26.5%
29%
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
22%
35%
26.5%
26.5%
26%
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
26.5%
26.5%
26.5%
Expected tax (charge) credit based on expected tax rates:  
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
(77)
(119)
(94)
(3)
(293)
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
(3)
(2)
(12)
(7)
(24)
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
Total  
(80)
(121)
(105)
(9)
(315)
Variance from expected tax charge:  note (ii)
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
39 
19 
64 
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
(33)
(32)
Total  
19 
32 
Actual tax (charge) credit:  
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note (iii)
(38)
(100)
(89)
(2)
(229)
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns  
(36)
(2)
(11)
(7)
(56)
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
 
Total   
(74)
(102)
(99)
(8)
(283)
Actual tax rate:   
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  
12%
29%
25%
15%
22%
 
Total profit  
22%
29%
25%
22%
25%
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
   
   
Asia 
insurance 
operations 
US  
insurance 
operations 
UK
 insurance 
operations 
Other 
operations 
Total 
Full year 2011*
£m (except for tax rates)
Profit (loss) before tax attributable to shareholders:  
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
704 
651 
723 
(51)
2,027 
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
(92)
(167)
159 
(120)
(220)
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes   
18 
21 
 
Total  
612 
484 
900 
(168)
1,828 
Expected tax rate: note (i)
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
24%
35%
27%
27%
29%
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
20%
35%
27%
27%
30%
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
0%
0%
27%
27%
26.5%
Expected tax (charge) credit based on expected tax rates:  
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
(169)
(228)
(195)
14 
(578)
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
18 
58 
(43)
32 
65 
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
(5)
(1)
(6)
Total  
(151)
(170)
(243)
45 
(519)
Variance from expected tax charge:  note (ii)
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (iii)
47 
43 
50 
145 
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns   
(20)
(24)
(36)
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
Total  
27 
43 
14 
26 
110 
Actual tax (charge) credit:  
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns note (iii)
(122)
(185)
(190)
64 
(433)
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns  
(2)
58 
(35)
29 
 
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes  
(4)
(1)
(5)
 
Total   
(124)
(127)
(229)
71 
(409)
Actual tax rate:   
         
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  
17%
28%
26%
125%
21%
 
Total profit  
20%
26%
25%
42%
22%
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
Notes
 
(i)      Expected tax rates for profit (loss) attributable to shareholders:
 
•     The expected tax rates shown in the table above reflect the corporation tax rates generally applied to taxable profits of the relevant country jurisdictions.
 
•     For Asia operations the expected tax rates reflect the corporation tax rates weighted by reference to the source of profits of operations contributing to the aggregate business result.
 
•     The expected tax rate for Other operations reflects the mix of business between UK and overseas operations, which are taxed at a variety of rates.
 
(ii)     For 2012 and 2011, the principal variances arise from a number of factors, including:
 
(a)  Asia long-term operations
 
For half year 2012 and 2011, profits in certain countries which are not taxable, along with utilising brought forward tax losses on which no deferred tax assets were previously recognised, partly offset by the inability to fully recognise deferred tax assets on losses being carried forward.
 
(b)  Jackson
           For half year 2012 and 2011, the benefit of a deduction from taxable income of a proportion of dividends received attributable to the variable annuity business.
          
(c)  UK insurance operations
 
For half year 2012 and 2011, the effect of the reduction in the UK corporation tax rate on deferred tax liabilities and the different tax bases of UK life business. Additionally, for 2011 this is partially offset by routine revisions to prior period tax returns.
 
(d)  Other operations
           For half year 2012 and 2011 the effect of the reduction in UK corporation tax rate on deferred tax assets and revisions to prior period tax returns. For full year 2011 the settlement of outstanding issues with HMRC at an amount
           below that previously provided, partly offset by prior year adjustments arising from the revisions of prior period tax returns.
 
 
(iii)    Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns is net of attributable restructuring costs and development expenses. Related tax charges are determined on the basis of current taxation legislation.
 
 
 
L     Supplementary analysis of earnings per share
 
 
   
Half year 2012
   
Before
 tax
 note C
Tax 
          note K 
Non- 
 controlling   interests  
Net of tax 
and non- controlling 
interests 
Basic
 earnings 
 per share 
Diluted 
 earnings 
 per share 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Pence 
Pence 
Based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
1,162 
(285)
877 
34.5 p
34.5 p
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business
(32)
(1)
(33)
(1.3)p
(1.3)p
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
87 
(21)
66 
2.6 p
2.6 p
Gain on dilution of Group holdings
42 
42 
1.7 P
1.7 P
Based on profit  for the period
1,259 
(307)
952 
37.5 p
37.5 p
 
   
Half year 2011*
   
Before
 tax
 note C
Tax 
          note K
Non- 
 controlling
interests 
Net of tax 
and non- controlling 
interests 
Basic
 earnings 
 per share 
Diluted 
 earnings 
 per share 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Pence 
Pence 
Based on operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
1,028 
(229)
(2)
797 
31.4 p
31.3 p
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business
93 
(56)
37 
1.5 p
1.5 p
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
(7)
(5)
(0.2)p
(0.2)p
Based on profit  for the period
1,114 
(283)
(2)
829 
32.7 p
32.6 p
 
   
Full year 2011*
   
Before
 tax
 note C 
Tax 
        note K
Non- controlling interests
Net of tax
and non- controlling interests 
Basic
  earnings 
 per share  
Diluted 
 earnings 
 per share    
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Pence 
Pence   
Based on operating profit based on longer-term investment return
2,027 
(433)
(4)
1,590 
62.8 p
62.7 p
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns on shareholder-backed business
(220)
29 
(191)
(7.6)p
(7.6)p
Shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes
21 
(5)
16 
0.6 p
0.6 p
Based on profit  for the year
1,828 
(409)
(4)
1,415 
55.8 p
55.7 p
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
Earnings per share are calculated based on earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders, after related tax and non-controlling interests.
 
The weighted average number of shares for calculating earnings per share:
 
   
Half year
2012
Half year
2011
Full year
2011
   
(in millions)
(in millions)
(in millions)
Weighted average number of shares for calculation of:
     
 
Basic earnings per share
2,536 
2,533 
2,533 
 
Diluted earnings per share
2,539 
2,539 
2,538 
 
 
M   Dividends
 
Dividends per share (in pence)
Half year
2012
Half year
2011
Full year
2011
Dividends relating to reporting period:
     
 
Interim dividend (2012 and 2011)
8.40p 
7.95 p 
7.95 p 
 
Final dividend (2011)
17.24 p 
Total
8.40p 
7.95 p 
25.19 p 
Dividends declared and paid in reporting period:
     
 
Current year interim dividend
7.95 p 
 
 Final dividend for prior year
17.24 p 
17.24 p 
17.24 p 
Total
17.24 p 
17.24 p 
25.19 p 
 
Interim dividends are recorded in the period in which they are paid. Final dividends are recorded in the period in which they are approved by shareholders. The final dividend for the year ended 31 December 2011 of 17.24 pence per ordinary share was paid to eligible shareholders on 24 May 2012.
 
The 2012 interim dividend of 8.40 pence per ordinary share will be paid on 27 September 2012 in sterling to shareholders on the principal register and the Irish branch register at 6.00 pm BST on Friday, 24 August 2012 (the 'Record Date'), and in Hong Kong dollars to shareholders on the Hong Kong branch register at 4.30 pm Hong Kong time on the Record Date (HK Shareholders). Holders of US American Depositary Receipts (US Shareholders) will be paid their dividends in US dollars on or about 5 October 2012. The interim dividend will be paid on or about 4 October 2012 in Singapore dollars to shareholders with shares standing to the credit of their securities accounts with The Central Depository (Pte) Limited (CDP) at 5.00 pm Singapore time on the Record Date (SG Shareholders). The dividend payable to the HK Shareholders will be translated using the exchange rate quoted by the WM Company at the close of business on 9 August 2012. The exchange rate at which the dividend payable to the SG Shareholders will be translated into SG$ will be determined by CDP. The dividend will distribute an estimated £215 million of shareholders' equity.
 
Shareholders on the principal register and Irish branch register will be able to participate in a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP).
 
 
 
 
N    Statement of financial position - analysis of Group position by segment and business type
 
 
i        Group statement of financial position analysis
To explain more comprehensively the assets, liabilities and capital of the Group's businesses, it is appropriate to provide analyses of the Group's statement of financial position by operating segment and type of business.
 
     
Insurance operations
Total 
 insurance 
 operations 
Asset 
 management 
 operations 
Unallocated 
to a segment (central
  operations) 
Intra-group 
eliminations 
30 Jun
2012 
Group 
Total 
30 Jun* 
2011 
Group 
Total 
31 Dec* 
2011
Group
Total
     
UK 
US 
Asia 
By operating segment
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m
£m 
Assets
                   
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
                   
 
Goodwill note P
237 
237 
1,230 
1,467 
1,469 
1,465 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets note Q
109 
3,203 
987 
4,299 
15 
19 
4,333 
4,060 
4,234 
 
Total
109 
3,203 
1,224 
4,536 
1,245 
19 
5,800 
5,529 
5,699 
Intangible assets  attributable to with-profits funds:
                   
 
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes
178 
178 
178 
169 
178 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
78 
84 
84 
93 
89 
 
Total
184 
78 
262 
262 
262 
267 
Total
293 
3,203 
1,302 
4,798 
1,245 
19 
6,062 
5,791 
5,966 
Deferred tax assets note K
243 
1,633 
95 
1,971 
110 
98 
2,179 
2,120 
2,276 
Other non-investment and non-cash assets note (i)
5,437 
1,536 
1,053 
8,026 
1,104 
4,079 
(5,860)
7,349 
6,521 
6,638 
Investment of long-term business and other operations:
                   
 
Investment properties
10,786 
25 
11 
10,822 
10,822 
10,965 
10,757 
 
Investments accounted for using the equity method
70 
70 
42 
112 
71 
70 
 
Financial investments:
                   
   
Loans note S
3,435 
4,168 
1,171 
8,774 
1,207 
9,981 
9,017 
9,714 
   
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
34,036 
43,874 
12,553 
90,463 
79 
90,542 
91,037 
87,349 
   
Debt securities note T
79,900 
27,061 
19,433 
126,394 
1,875 
128,269 
117,213 
124,498 
   
Other investments
4,683 
2,634 
703 
8,020 
72 
51 
8,143 
6,121 
7,509 
   
Deposits
11,105 
228 
1,041 
12,374 
55 
12,429 
10,858 
10,708 
Total investments
144,015 
77,990 
34,912 
256,917 
3,330 
51 
260,298 
245,282 
250,605 
Properties held for sale  
394 
Cash and cash equivalents  
2,554 
293 
1,927 
4,774 
1,580 
383 
6,737 
8,589 
7,257 
Total assets
152,542 
84,655 
39,289 
276,486 
7,369 
4,630 
(5,860)
282,625 
268,697 
272,745 
 
   
Insurance operations
Total 
insurance 
operations 
 Asset
 management
 operations 
Unallocated
to a segment 
(central
 operations)
Intra 
-group 
 eliminations 
30 Jun 
2012 
Group 
Total 
30 Jun* 
 2011 
Group 
Total 
 
31 Dec*
2011 
Group 
Total 
 
   
UK  
US 
Asia 
By operating segment 
£m  
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
 
Equity and liabilities
                       
Equity
                       
Shareholders' equity  
2,722 
3,919 
2,403 
9,044 
1,888 
(1,640)
9,292 
7,990 
 
8,564 
 
Non-controlling interests
29 
34 
34 
46 
 
43 
 
Total equity
2,751 
3,919 
2,408 
9,078 
1,888 
(1,640)
9,326 
8,036 
 
8,607 
 
Liabilities
                       
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
                       
 
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under
 IFRS 4)note Y
128,387 
75,264 
32,768 
236,419 
236,419 
221,432 
 
227,075 
 
 
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds note Y
9,750 
52 
9,802 
9,802 
10,872 
 
9,215 
 
Total policyholder liabilities and  unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
138,137 
75,264 
32,820 
246,221 
246,221 
232,304 
 
236,290 
 
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations:
                       
Subordinated debt
2,638 
2,638 
3,044 
 
2,652 
 
Other
159 
159 
250 
549 
958 
954 
 
959 
 
Total note V
159 
159 
250 
3,187 
3,596 
3,998 
 
3,611 
 
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed
operations note W
42 
91 
93 
226 
10 
2,568 
2,804 
2,912 
 
3,340 
 
Borrowings attributable to with-profits
 operations note W
955 
955 
955 
1,440 
 
972 
 
Deferred tax liabilities note K
1,258 
2,069 
550 
3,877 
20 
16 
3,913 
3,936 
 
3,929 
 
Other non-insurance liabilitiesnote (ii)
9,399 
3,153 
3,418 
15,970 
5,201 
499 
(5,860)
15,810 
16,071 
 
15,996 
 
Total liabilities
149,791 
80,736 
36,881 
267,408 
5,481 
6,270 
(5,860)
273,299 
260,661 
 
264,138 
 
Total equity and liabilities
152,542 
84,655 
39,289 
276,486 
7,369 
4,630 
(5,860)
282,625 
268,697 
 
272,745 
 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      Within other non-investment and non-cash assets are premiums receivable of £274 million (30 June 2011: £290 million; 31 December 2011: £265 million) of which approximately two-thirds are due within one year. The remaining
          one-third, due after one year, relates to products where charges are levied against premiums in future years.
 
(ii)     Within other non-insurance liabilities are other creditors of £2,989 million (30 June 2011: £2,599 million; 31 December 2011: £2,544 million) of which £2,683 million (30 June 2011: £2,599 million; 31 December 2011: £2,268 million) are
          due within one year.
 
ii       Group statement of financial position - additional analysis by business type
 
       
Shareholder-backed business
       
     
Participating 
 funds 
Unit-linked 
 and variable 
 annuity 
Non-linked 
 business 
Asset 
management 
 operations 
Unallocated 
 to a 
segment 
(central 
operations) 
Intra-group 
eliminations 
30 Jun 
2012 
 Group 
Total 
30 Jun* 
2011 
Group 
Total 
31 Dec* 
2011 
Group 
Total 
     
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Assets
                 
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
                 
 
Goodwill note P
237 
1,230 
1,467 
1,469 
1,465 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other
 intangible assets note Q
4,299 
15 
19 
4,333 
4,060 
4,234 
 
Total
4,536 
1,245 
19 
5,800 
5,529 
5,699 
Intangible assets  attributable to with-profits funds:
                 
 
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes
178 
178 
169 
178 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
84 
84 
93 
89 
 
Total
262 
262 
262 
267 
Total
262 
4,536 
1,245 
19 
6,062 
5,791 
5,966 
Deferred tax assets note K
104 
1,866 
110 
98 
2,179 
2,120 
2,276 
Other non-investment and non-cash assets  
3,245 
575 
4,206 
1,104 
4,079 
(5,860)
7,349 
6,521 
6,638 
Investment of long-term business and other operations:
                 
 
Investment properties
8,564 
685 
1,573 
10,822 
10,965 
10,757 
 
Investments accounted for using the equity method
70 
42 
112 
71 
70 
 
Financial investments:
                 
   
Loans  note S
2,866 
5,907 
1,207 
9,981 
9,017 
9,714 
   
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
23,406 
66,050 
1,007 
79 
90,542 
91,037 
87,349 
   
Debt securities note T
58,930 
9,062 
58,402 
1,875 
128,269 
117,213 
124,498 
   
Other investments
4,664 
125 
3,231 
72 
51 
8,143 
6,121 
7,509 
   
Deposits
8,830 
1,433 
2,111 
55 
12,429 
10,858 
10,708 
Total investments
107,260 
77,356 
72,301 
3,330 
51 
260,298 
245,282 
250,605 
Properties held for sale  
394 
Cash and cash equivalents  
2,176 
1,308 
1,290 
1,580 
383 
6,737 
8,589 
7,257 
Total assets
113,047 
79,240 
84,199 
7,369 
4,630 
(5,860)
282,625 
268,697 
272,745 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
     
Shareholder-backed business
         
   
Participating  funds 
Unit-linked  and
  variable
  annuity 
Non-linked 
  business 
Asset 
management 
 operations 
Unallocated 
 to a segment 
(central
  operations) 
Intra-group 
 eliminations 
30 Jun 
2012 
Group 
Total 
30 Jun 
2011 
Group 
Total *
31 Dec 
2011 
Group 
Total *
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Equity and liabilities
                 
Equity
                 
Shareholders' equity  
9,044 
1,888 
(1,640)
9,292 
7,990 
8,564 
Non-controlling interests
29 
34 
46 
43 
Total equity
29 
9,049 
1,888 
(1,640)
9,326 
8,036 
8,607 
Liabilities
                 
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
                 
 
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)note Y
94,635 
77,476 
64,308 
236,419 
221,432 
227,075 
 
Unallocated surplus of with-profits fundsnote Y
9,802 
9,802 
10,872 
9,215 
Total policyholder liabilities and  unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
104,437 
77,476 
64,308 
246,221 
232,304 
236,290 
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations:  
                 
Subordinated debt
2,638 
2,638 
3,044 
2,652 
Other
159 
250 
549 
958 
954 
959 
Totalnote V
159 
250 
3,187 
3,596 
3,998 
3,611 
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed
operations note W
226 
10 
2,568 
2,804 
2,912 
3,340 
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations note W
955 
955 
1,440 
972 
Deferred tax liabilitiesnote K
1,149 
31 
2,697 
20 
16 
3,913 
3,936 
3,929 
Other non-insurance liabilities
6,477 
1,733 
7,760 
5,201 
499 
(5,860)
15,810 
16,071 
15,996 
Total liabilities
113,018 
79,240 
75,150 
5,481 
6,270 
(5,860)
273,299 
260,661 
264,138 
Total equity and liabilities
113,047 
79,240 
84,199 
7,369 
4,630 
(5,860)
282,625 
268,697 
272,745 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy as described in note B.
 
O         Statement of financial position - analysis of segment by business type
 
 
 
i        UK insurance operations
 
Overview
 
•        In order to reflect the different types of UK business and fund structure, the statement of financial position of the UK insurance operations analyses assets and liabilities between those of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund
          (SAIF), the PAC with-profits sub-fund (WPSF), unit-linked assets and liabilities and annuity (principally PRIL) and other long-term business.
 
 
 
•        £93 billion of the £144 billion of investments are held by SAIF and the PAC WPSF. Shareholders are exposed only indirectly to value movements on these assets.
 
       
PAC with-profits fund note (i)
 
Other funds and subsidiaries
     
     
Scottish 
 Amicable 
 Insurance 
 Fund 
 note (ii) 
Excluding 
 Prudential 
 Annuities 
 Limited 
Prudential 
 Annuities 
 Limited 
 note (iii) 
Total 
  note (iv) 
 
Unit-linked 
 assets and 
 liabilities 
Annuity 
 and other 
 long-term 
 business 
Total 
30 Jun 
2012 
Total 
30 Jun 
2011 
Total 
31 Dec 
 2011 
Total 
By operating segment
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m   
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Assets
                     
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
                     
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
 
109 
109 
109 
118 
113 
 
Total
 
109 
109 
109 
118 
113 
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
                     
 
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes
178 
178 
 
178 
169 
178 
 
Deferred acquisition costs
 
11 
 
Total
184 
184 
 
184 
180 
184 
Total
184 
184 
 
109 
109 
293 
298 
297 
Deferred tax assets
103 
104 
 
139 
139 
243 
198 
231 
Other non-investment and non-cash assets  
400 
2,397 
142 
2,539 
 
471 
2,027 
2,498 
5,437 
3,949 
4,771 
Investment of long term business and other operations:
                     
 
Investment properties
552 
7,283 
729 
8,012 
 
685 
1,537 
2,222 
10,786 
10,930 
10,712 
 
Investments accounted for using the equity method
 
70 
70 
70 
69 
70 
 
Financial investments:
                     
   
Loans note S
129 
1,936 
75 
2,011 
 
1,295 
1,295 
3,435 
2,401 
3,115 
   
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
2,086 
18,572 
119 
18,691 
 
13,242 
17 
13,259 
34,036 
40,470 
36,722 
   
Debt securities note T
3,988 
38,684 
5,783 
44,467 
 
6,135 
25,310 
31,445 
79,900 
74,818 
77,953 
   
Other investmentsnote (v)
290 
3,688 
292 
3,980 
 
84 
329 
413 
4,683 
4,046 
4,568 
   
Deposits
956 
7,530 
290 
7,820 
 
936 
1,393 
2,329 
11,105 
9,759 
9,287 
Total investments
8,001 
77,693 
7,288 
84,981 
 
21,082 
29,951 
51,033 
144,015 
142,493 
142,427 
Properties held for sale
 
391 
Cash and cash equivalents  
85 
1,267 
122 
1,389 
 
714 
366 
1,080 
2,554 
3,815 
2,965 
Total assets
8,486 
81,644 
7,553 
89,197 
 
22,267 
32,592 
54,859 
152,542 
151,144 
150,691 
 
     
PAC with-profits fund note (i)
 
Other funds and subsidiaries
     
   
Scottish 
 Amicable 
 Insurance 
 Fund 
 note (ii) 
Excluding 
 Prudential 
 Annuities 
 Limited 
Prudential 
 Annuities 
 Limited 
 note (iii)
Total 
  note (iv)
 
Unit-linked 
 assets and 
 liabilities 
Annuity 
 and other 
 long-term 
 business 
Total 
30 Jun 
2012 
Group 
Total 
30 Jun 
2011 
Group 
Total 
31 Dec 
2011 
Group 
Total 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m   
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Equity and liabilities
                     
Equity
                     
Shareholders' equity  
-   
 
2,722 
2,722 
2,722 
2,342 
2,581 
Non-controlling interests
29 
29   
 
29 
38 
33 
Total equity
29 
29   
 
2,722 
2,722 
2,751 
2,380 
2,614 
Liabilities
                     
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:
                     
 
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)note Y
8,143 
67,764 
5,384 
73,148   
 
21,258 
25,838 
47,096 
128,387 
126,544 
127,024 
 
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (reflecting application of 'realistic' basis provisions for UK regulated with-profits funds) note Y and (vi)
8,305 
1,445 
9,750   
 
9,750 
10,811 
9,165 
Total
8,143 
76,069 
6,829 
82,898   
 
21,258 
25,838 
47,096 
138,137 
137,355 
136,189 
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations
-   
 
42 
42 
42 
102 
103 
Borrowings attributable to with-profits funds
18 
937 
937   
 
955 
1,440 
972 
Deferred tax liabilities
31 
616 
129 
745   
 
482 
482 
1,258 
1,626 
1,349 
Other non-insurance liabilities
294 
3,993 
595 
4,588   
 
1,009 
3,508 
4,517 
9,399 
8,241 
9,464 
Total liabilities
8,486 
81,615 
7,553 
89,168   
 
22,267 
29,870 
52,137 
149,791 
148,764 
148,077 
Total equity and liabilities
8,486 
81,644 
7,553 
89,197   
 
22,267 
32,592 
54,859 
152,542 
151,144 
150,691 
 
Notes
 
(i)      The WPSF mainly contains with-profits business but it also contains some non-profit business (unit-linked, term assurances and annuities). The WPSF's profits are apportioned 90 per cent to its policyholders and 10 per cent to
          shareholders as surplus for distribution is determined via the annual actuarial valuation. For the purposes of this table and subsequent explanation, references to the WPSF also include, for convenience, the amounts attaching
          to the Defined Charges Participating Sub-fund which comprises 3.3 per cent of the total assets of the WPSF and includes the with-profits annuity business transferred to Prudential from the Equitable Life Assurance Society on
          1 December 2007 (with assets of approximately £1.7 billion). Profits to shareholders on this with-profits annuity business emerge on a 'charges less expenses' basis and policyholders are entitled to 100 per cent of the investment
          earnings.
 
(ii)     The fund is solely for the benefit of policyholders of SAIF. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of this fund although they are entitled to asset management fees on this business. SAIF is a separate sub-fund within the
          PAC long-term business fund.
 
(iii)    Wholly-owned subsidiary of the PAC WPSF that writes annuity business.
 
(iv)    Excluding policyholder liabilities of the Hong Kong branch of PAC.
 
(v)     Other investments comprise:
       
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Derivative assets*
1,310 
841 
1,461 
Partnerships in investment pools and other**
3,373 
3,205 
3,107 
 
4,683 
4,046 
4,568 
 
*    In the UK, Prudential uses derivatives to reduce equity and credit risk, interest rate and currency exposures, and to facilitate efficient portfolio management. After derivative liabilities of £1,337 million (30 June 2011: £909
      million; 31 December 2011: £1,298 million), which are also included in the statement of financial position, the overall derivative position was a net liability of £27 million (30 June 2011: net liability of £68 million; 31 December
      2011: net asset of £163 million).
 
**  Partnerships in investment pools and other comprise mainly investments held by the PAC with-profits fund. These investments are primarily investments in limited partnerships and additionally investments in property
      funds.
 
 
(vi)    Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
 
        Prudential's long-term business written in the UK comprises predominantly life insurance policies under which the policyholders are entitled to participate in the returns of the funds supporting these policies. Business similar
        to this type is also written in certain of the Group's Asia operations, subject to local market and regulatory conditions. Such policies are called with-profits policies. Prudential maintains with-profits funds within the Group's
        long-term business funds, which segregate the assets and liabilities and accumulate the returns related to that with-profits business. The amounts accumulated in these with-profits funds are available to provide for future
        policyholder benefit provisions and for bonuses to be distributed to with-profits policyholders. The bonuses, both annual and final, reflect the right of the with-profits policyholders to participate in the financial performance of
        the with-profits funds. Shareholders' profits with respect to bonuses declared on with-profits business correspond to the shareholders' share of the cost of bonuses as declared by the Board of Directors. The shareholders'
        share currently represents one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared for with-profits policies.
 
 
 
        The unallocated surplus represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for the Group's with-profits funds. As allowed under IFRS 4, the Group has opted to continue to record unallocated surplus of with-profits
        funds wholly as a liability. The annual excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure of the with-profits funds, after declaration and attribution of the cost of bonuses to policyholders and shareholders, is transferred to (from)
        the unallocated surplus each year through a (charge) credit to the income statement. The balance retained in the unallocated surplus represents cumulative income arising on the with-profits business that has not been
        allocated to policyholders or shareholders, including the shareholders' share of future bonuses that has been provided for in determining policyholders' liabilities. The balance of the unallocated surplus is determined after full
        provision for deferred tax on unrealised appreciation of investments.
 
ii       US insurance operations
 
 
                 
     
30 Jun 2012
 
30 Jun 2011*
31 Dec 2011*
     
Variable annuity
 separate account 
 assets and 
 liabilities 
note (i)
Fixed annuity, 
GIC and other 
 business
      note (i)
Total 
 
Total 
Total 
     
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
Assets
           
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
           
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangibles
3,203 
3,203 
 
2,939 
3,115 
 
Total
3,203 
3,203 
 
2,939 
3,115 
Deferred tax assets
1,633 
1,633 
 
1,346 
1,392 
Other non-investment and non-cash assets
1,536 
1,536 
 
1,151 
1,542 
Investments of long-term business and other operations:
           
 
Investment properties
25 
25 
 
25 
35 
 
Financial investments:
           
   
Loansnote S
4,168 
4,168 
 
4,062 
4,110 
   
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trustsnote (iv)
43,625 
249 
43,874 
 
36,263 
38,036 
   
Debt securitiesnote T and U
27,061 
27,061 
 
25,286 
27,022 
   
Other investmentsnote (ii)
2,634 
2,634 
 
1,352 
2,376 
   
Deposits
228 
228 
 
182 
167 
Total investments
43,625 
34,365 
77,990 
 
67,170 
71,746 
Properties held for sale  
 
Cash and cash equivalents
293 
293 
 
214 
271 
Total assets  
43,625 
41,030 
84,655 
 
72,823 
78,069 
Equity and liabilities
           
Equity
           
Shareholders' equity note (iii)
3,919 
3,919 
 
3,298 
3,761 
Total equity
3,919 
3,919 
 
3,298 
3,761 
Liabilities
           
Policyholder:
           
 
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4) note Y
43,625 
31,639 
75,264 
 
64,707 
69,189 
Total
43,625 
31,639 
75,264 
 
64,707 
69,189 
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
159 
159 
 
155 
160 
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations
91 
91 
 
34 
127 
Deferred tax liabilities
2,069 
2,069 
 
1,554 
1,818 
Other non-insurance liabilities
3,153 
3,153 
 
3,075 
3,014 
Total liabilities
43,625 
37,111 
80,736 
 
69,525 
74,308 
Total equity and liabilities
43,625 
41,030 
84,655 
 
72,823 
78,069 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
 
Notes
 
(i)    Assets and liabilities attaching to variable annuity business that are not held in the separate account are shown within other business.
 
(ii)   Other investments comprise:
 
       
30 Jun 
 2012 
30 Jun 
 2011 
31 Dec 
 2011 
       
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
Derivative assets*
1,866 
749 
1,677 
 
Partnerships in investment pools and other**
768 
603 
699 
       
2,634 
1,352 
2,376 
  
 *      In the US, Prudential uses derivatives to reduce interest rate risk, to facilitate efficient portfolio management to match liabilities under annuity policies and for certain equity-based product management activities. After
         taking account of derivative liabilities of £1,046 million (30 June 2011: £718 million; 31 December 2011: £887 million), which are also included in the statement of financial position, the overall derivative position is a net
         asset of £820 million (30 June 2011: £31 million; 31 December 2011: £790 million).
 
 **    Partnerships in investment pools and other comprise primarily investments in limited partnerships. These include interests in the PPM America Private Equity Fund and diversified investments in other partnerships by
          independent money managers that generally invest in various equities and fixed income loans and securities.
 
 
(iii)  Changes in shareholders' equity
           
       
30 Jun 
 2012 
30 Jun
 2011 *
31 Dec 
 2011 *
       
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
Operating profits based on longer-term investment returns note C
442 
340 
651 
 
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns note F
(125)
(167)
 
Profit before shareholder tax
317 
347 
484 
 
Tax note K
(71)
(102)
(127)
 
Profit for the period
246 
245 
357 
 
 
       
30 Jun
 2012
31 Jun
 2011*
31 Dec
 2011*
       
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
Profit for the period (as above)
246 
245 
357 
 
Items recognised in other comprehensive income:
     
 
Exchange movements
(34)
(80)
35 
 
Unrealised valuation movements on securities classified as available-for sale:
     
     
Unrealised holding gains arising during the period
470 
287 
912 
     
Add back net losses/deduct net (gains) included in income statement
12 
(50)
(101)
 
Total unrealised valuation movements
482 
237 
811 
 
Related change in amortisation of deferred income and acquisition costs note Q
(181)
(71)
(275)
 
Related tax
(105)
(57)
(187)
 
Total other comprehensive income
162 
29 
384 
 
Total comprehensive income for the period
408 
274 
741 
 
Dividends, interest payments to central companies and other movements
(250)
(326)
(330)
 
Net increase (decrease) in equity
158 
(52)
411 
 
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period:
     
   
As previously reported
4,271 
3,815 
3,815 
   
Effect of change in accounting policy for deferred acquisition costs
(510)
(465)
(465)
   
After effect of change
3,761 
3,350 
3,350 
 
Shareholders' equity at end of period
3,919 
3,298 
3,761 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
 
(iv)    Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts includes investments in mutual funds, the majority of which are equity based.
 
 
 
iii     Asia insurance operations
 
     
30 Jun
 2012
   
30 Jun
 2011*
31 Dec
 2011*
     
With-profits 
 business 
   note (i)
Unit-linked 
 assets and 
 liabilities 
Other 
Total 
   
Total  
Total 
     
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
   
£m 
£m 
Assets
               
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
               
 
Goodwill
237 
237 
   
239 
235 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
987 
987 
   
981 
977 
Total
1,224 
1,224 
   
1,220 
1,212 
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
               
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
78 
78 
   
82 
83 
Deferred tax assets
94 
95 
   
94 
115 
Other non-investment and non-cash assets  
306 
104 
643 
1,053 
   
899 
1,024 
Investments of long-term business and other operations:
               
 
Investment properties
11 
11 
   
10 
10 
 
Investments accounted for using the equity method
   
 
Financial investments:
               
   
Loans note S
726 
444 
1,171 
   
1,283 
1,233 
   
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts  
2,629 
9,183 
741 
12,553 
   
14,159 
11,997 
   
Debt securities note T
10,475 
2,927 
6,031 
19,433 
   
15,357 
17,681 
   
Other investments  
394 
41 
268 
703 
   
504 
470 
   
Deposits
54 
497 
490 
1,041 
   
827 
1,165 
Total investments
14,278 
12,649 
7,985 
34,912 
   
32,142 
32,556 
Cash and cash equivalents
702 
594 
631 
1,927 
   
2,075 
1,977 
Total assets
15,364 
13,348 
10,577 
39,289 
   
36,512 
36,967 
Equity and liabilities
               
Equity
               
Shareholders' equity
2,403 
2,403 
   
2,224 
2,306 
Non-controlling interests
   
Total equity
2,408 
2,408 
   
2,229 
2,311 
Liabilities
               
Policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds:  
               
 
Contract liabilities (including amounts in respect of contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4)note Y
13,344 
12,593 
6,831 
32,768 
   
30,181 
30,862 
 
Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds note Y
52 
52 
   
61 
50 
Total
13,396 
12,593 
6,831 
32,820 
   
30,242 
30,912 
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operations
93 
93 
   
139 
141 
Deferred tax liabilities
373 
31 
146 
550 
   
518 
506 
Other non-insurance liabilities
1,595 
724 
1,099 
3,418 
   
3,384 
3,097 
Total liabilities
15,364 
13,348 
8,169 
36,881 
   
34,283 
34,656 
Total equity and liabilities
15,364 
13,348 
10,577 
39,289 
   
36,512 
36,967 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
 
Note
 
(i)      The statement of financial position for with-profits business comprises the with-profits assets and liabilities of the Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore with-profits operations. Assets and liabilities of other participating
          business are included in the column for 'Other business'.
 
 
 
iv      Asset management operations
 
   
M&G 
note (i) 
US 
Eastspring 
Investments 
Total 
30 Jun 
 2012 
Total 
 30 Jun 
 2011 
Total 
 31 Dec 
 2011 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Assets
           
Intangible assets:
           
 
Goodwill note P
1,153 
16 
61 
1,230 
1,230 
1,230 
 
Deferred acquisition costs
11 
15 
10 
16 
Total
1,164 
18 
63 
1,245 
1,240 
1,246 
Other non-investment and non-cash assetsnote (iii)
945 
176 
93 
1,214 
1,172 
1,129 
Investments accounted for using the equity method
42 
42 
Financial investments:
           
 
Loansnote S
1,207 
1,207 
1,271 
1,256 
 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
66 
13 
79 
145 
594 
 
Debt securitiesnote T
1,867 
1,875 
1,752 
1,842 
 
Other investments
70 
72 
49 
78 
 
Deposits
15 
35 
55 
90 
89 
Total investmentsnote (iii)
3,257 
17 
56 
3,330 
3,307 
3,859 
Cash and cash equivalentsnote (iii)
1,408 
47 
125 
1,580 
2,179 
1,735 
Total assets
6,774 
258 
337 
7,369 
7,898 
7,969 
Equity and liabilities
           
Equity
           
Shareholders' equity
1,501 
124 
263 
1,888 
1,860 
1,783 
Non-controlling interests  
Total equity
1,501 
124 
263 
1,888 
1,863 
1,788 
Liabilities
           
Core structural borrowing of shareholder-financed operations
250 
250 
 250 
250 
Intra-group debt represented by operational borrowings at Group level note (ii)
2,568 
2,568 
2,633 
2,956 
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds note (iii)
313 
313 
516 
678 
Other non-insurance liabilitiesnote (iii) and (iv)
2,142 
134 
74 
2,350 
2,636 
2,297 
Total liabilities
5,273 
134 
74 
5,481 
6,035 
6,181 
Total equity and liabilities
6,774 
258 
337 
7,369 
7,898 
7,969 
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      M&G includes those assets and liabilities in respect of Prudential Capital.
(ii)      Intra-group debt represented by operational borrowings at Group level
   Operational borrowings for M&G are in respect of Prudential Capital's short-term fixed income security programme and comprise:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
Commercial paper
 2,318 
 2,384 
2,706 
 
Medium-term notes
250 
249 
250 
 
Total intra-group debt represented by operational borrowings at Group level
2,568 
2,633 
2,956 
 
(iii)    Consolidated investment funds
  The M&G statement of financial position shown above includes investment funds which are managed on behalf of third parties. In respect of these funds, the statement of financial position includes the following, which are
  non-recourse to M&G and the Group:
 
     
30 Jun 
2012 
30 Jun 
2011 
31 Dec 
2011 
     
£m 
£m 
£m 
           
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
305 
357 
348 
 
Total investments
 
88 
193 
415 
 
Other net assets and liabilities
 
(80)
(34)
(85)
 
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds
 
(313)
(516)
(678)
 
Shareholders' equity
 
 
 
(iv)    Other non-insurance liabilities consist primarily of intra-group balances, derivative liabilities and other creditors.
 
 
 
P     Goodwill attributable to shareholders
 
 
30 Jun 
 2012 
30 Jun 
 2011 
31 Dec 
 2011 
 
 £m 
£m 
 £m 
Cost
     
At beginning of period
1,585 
1,586 
1,586 
Exchange differences
(1)
At end of period
1,587 
1,589 
1,585 
Aggregate impairment
(120)
(120)
(120)
Net book amount at end of period
1,467 
1,469 
1,465 
 
Goodwill attributable to shareholders comprises:
 
 
30 Jun 
 2012 
30 Jun 
 2011 
31 Dec 
 2011 
 
 £m 
£m 
 £m 
M&G
1,153 
1,153 
1,153 
Other
314 
316 
312 
 
1,467 
1,469 
1,465 
 
Other represents goodwill amounts allocated to entities in the Asia and US operations. Other goodwill amounts are individually not material.
 
 
 
Q     Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets attributable to shareholders
 
Significant costs are incurred in connection with acquiring new insurance business. Except for acquisition costs of with-profits contracts of the UK regulated with-profits funds, which are accounted for under the realistic FSA regimes, these costs are accounted for in a way that is consistent with the principles of the ABI SORP with deferral and amortisation against margins in future revenues on the related insurance policies. In general, this deferral is presentationally shown by an explicit carrying value for deferred acquisition costs (DAC) in the balance sheet. However, in some Asia operations the deferral is implicit through the reserving methodology. The recoverability of the explicitly and implicitly deferred acquisition costs is measured and is deemed impaired if the projected margins are less than the carrying value. To the extent that the future margins differ from those anticipated, an adjustment to the carrying value will be necessary. For UK regulated with-profits funds where the realistic FSA regime is applied, the basis of setting liabilities is such that it would be inappropriate for acquisition costs to be deferred, therefore these costs are expensed as incurred.
 
The deferral and amortisation of acquisition costs is of most relevance to the Group's results for shareholder-financed long-term business of Jackson and Asia operations. The majority of the UK shareholder-backed business is individual and group annuity business where the incidence of acquisition costs is negligible.
 
 
The deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets attributable to shareholders comprise:
 
 
30 Jun
 2012
  30 Jun
2011*
31 Dec
 2011*
 
£m 
£m
£m 
       
Deferred acquisition costs related to insurance contracts as classified under IFRS 4
3,919 
3,628 
3,805 
Deferred acquisition costs related to investment management contracts, including life assurance contracts classified as financial instruments and investment management contracts under IFRS 4
103 
107 
107 
 
4,022 
3,735 
3,912 
Present value of acquired in-force policies for insurance contracts as classified under IFRS 4 (PVIF)
62 
68 
64 
Other intangibles**
249 
257 
258 
 
311 
325 
322 
Total of deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
4,333 
4,060 
4,234 
 
 
   
Deferred acquisition costs
       
   
UK 
US
note (i) 
Asia 
Asset
 management 
PVIF and
 Other 
 intangibles 
Total
 30 Jun
 2012
Total
 30 Jun
2011*
Total 
31 Dec 
 2011 *
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Balance at beginning of period:
 
  
           
 
As previously reported
111 
3,880 
744 
12 
322 
5,069 
4,667 
4,667 
 
Effect of change in accounting policynote B
-
(785)
(50)
-
-
(835)
(766)
(766)
After effect of change
111 
3,095 
694 
12 
322 
4,234 
3,901 
3,901 
Additions
398 
130 
14 
549 
618 
1,117 
Amortisation to the income statement:
 
  
           
 
Operating profit
(10)
(179)
(97)
(2)
(23)
(311)
(385)
(792)
 
Amortisation related to short-term fluctuations in investment returns
80 
80 
68 
287 
 
(10)
(99)
(97)
(2)
(23)
(231)
(317)
(505)
Exchange differences
(28)
(8)
(2)
(38)
(71)
(2)
Change in shadow DAC related to movement in unrealised appreciation of Jackson's securities classified as available-for-sale
(181)
(181)
(71)
(275)
Disposals
-
-
(2)
Balance at end of period
107 
3,185 
719 
11 
311 
4,333 
4,060 
4,234 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
**    In the second half of 2011, the Group made a reclassification of computer software from tangible assets to other intangible assets. Accordingly, for the 30 June 2011 position, computer software with a net book value of £56
         million has been transferred from tangible assets (as previously published) to other intangible assets. This is only a presentational adjustment with no impact on the Group's results or shareholders' equity.
 
 
Note
 
(i)      The DAC amount in respect of US insurance operations comprises amounts in respect of:
 
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011*
31 Dec
2011*
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Variable annuity business
3,287 
2,451 
2,960 
Other business
794 
962 
855 
Cumulative shadow DAC (for unrealised gains/losses booked in other comprehensive income)
(896)
(491)
(720)
Total DAC for US operations
3,185 
2,922 
3,095 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
 
Overview of the deferral and amortisation of acquisition costs for Jackson
Under IFRS 4, the Group applies 'grandfathered' US GAAP for measuring the insurance assets and liabilities of Jackson. In the case of Jackson term business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with expected premiums. For annuity and interest-sensitive life business, acquisition costs are deferred and amortised in line with a combination of historical and future expected gross profits on the relevant contracts. For fixed and indexed annuity and interest-sensitive life business, the key assumption is the long-term spread between the earned rate on investments and the rate credited to policyholders, which is based on an annual spread analysis. Expected gross profits also depend on mortality assumptions, assumed unit costs and terminations other than deaths (including the related charges), all of which are based on a combination of actual experience of Jackson, industry experience and future expectations. A detailed analysis of actual mortality, lapse, and expense experience is performed using internally developed experience studies.
 
As with fixed and indexed annuity and interest-sensitive life business, acquisition costs for Jackson's variable annuity products are amortised in line with the emergence of profits. The measurement of the amortisation in part reflects current period fees (including those for guaranteed minimum death, income, or withdrawal benefits) earned on assets covering liabilities to policyholders, and the historical and expected level of future gross profits which depends on the assumed level of future fees, as well as components related to mortality, lapse, and expense.
 
Change of accounting policy
 
As explained in note B, the Company has adopted the US Financial Accounting Standards Board requirements in EITF Update No 2010-26 on 'Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts' from 1 January 2012 into Prudential's Group IFRS reporting for the results of Jackson and those Asia operations whose IFRS insurance assets and liabilities are measured principally by reference to US GAAP principles. Under the Update insurers are required to capitalise only those incremental costs directly relating to acquiring a contract from 1 January 2012. For Group IFRS reporting the Company has chosen to apply this new basis retrospectively for the results of these operations.
 
On application of the new policy for Jackson the deferred costs balance for business in force at 31 December 2011 was retrospectively reduced from £3,880 million to £3,095 million. 
 
Mean reversion technique
 
Under US GAAP (as 'grandfathered' under IFRS 4) the projected gross profits, against which  acquisition costs are amortised, reflect an assumed long-term level of equity return which, for Jackson, is 8.4 per cent after deduction of net external fund management fees. This is applied to the period end level of separate account assets after application of a mean reversion technique that removes a portion of the effect of levels of short-term variability in current market returns.
 
Under the mean reversion technique applied by Jackson, the projected level of return for each of the next five years is adjusted from period to period so that in combination with the actual rates of return for the preceding two years and the current year, the 8.4 per cent annual return is realised on average over the entire eight-year period. Projected returns after the mean reversion period revert back to the 8.4 per cent assumption.
 
However, to ensure that the methodology does not over anticipate a reversion to trend following adverse markets, the mean reversion technique has a cap and floor feature whereby the projected returns in each of the next five years can be no more than 15 per cent per annum and no less than 0 per cent per annum (both after deduction of net external fund management fees) in each year. The capping feature was relevant in late 2008, 2009 and 2010 due to the very sharp market falls in 2008. Notwithstanding this capping feature the mean reversion technique gave rise to a benefit in 2008 of £110 million. This benefit was effectively 'paid back' under the mean reversion technique through charges for accelerated amortisation in 2011, as discussed below. 
 
At 31 December 2011, the projected rate of return for the next five years was less than 8.4 per cent. If Jackson had not applied the mean reversion methodology and had instead applied a constant 8.4 per cent from asset values at 31 December 2011, the Jackson DAC balance would have increased by approximately £30 million from £ 3,095 million to £ 3,125 million. 
 
 
Sensitivity of amortisation charge
 
The amortisation charge to the income statement is reflected in operating profit and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. The amortisation charge to the operating profit in a reporting period comprises:
 
i)       a core amount that reflects a relatively stable proportion of underlying profits; and
 
ii)      an element of acceleration or deceleration arising from market movements differing from expectations.
 
In periods where the cap and floor feature of the mean reversion technique are not relevant, the technique operates to dampen the second element above. Nevertheless, extreme market movements can cause material acceleration or deceleration of amortisation in spite of this dampening effect.
 
Further, in those periods where the cap or floor is relevant, the mean reversion technique provides no further dampening and additional volatility may result.
 
 
Half year and full year 2011
 
In half and full year 2011, the DAC amortisation charge to operating profit included £66 million and £190 million of accelerated amortisation respectively. These amounts reflected the combined effect of:
 
 
(i)      The separate account performance in the periods (half year 2011: 4 per cent; full year 2011: negative 4 per cent, net of all fees) as it compared with the assumed level for the period; and
 
 
(ii)     The reduction in the previously assumed future rates of return for the upcoming 5 years from 15 per cent, to a level nearer the middle of the corridor (of 0 per cent and 15 per cent), so that in combination with the historical
          returns, the 8-year average in the mean reversion calculation was the 8.4 per cent assumption.
 
The reduction in assumed future rates reflected in large part the elimination from the calculation in 2011, of the 2008 negative returns. Setting aside other complications and the growth in the book, the 2011 accelerated amortisation can be broadly equated as 'paying back' the benefit experienced in 2008.
 
 
Half year 2012
 
In half year 2012, the DAC amortisation charge to operating profit was determined after including a credit for decelerated amortisation of £25 million. This amount primarily reflects the separate account performance of 5 per cent, net of all fees, over the assumed level for the period. 
 
Full year 2012
The sensitivity for the full year 2012 remains broadly the same as previously published with the 2011 full year results, namely that on the assumption that market returns for 2012 are within the range of negative 15 per cent to positive 15 per cent, the estimated effect on the amortisation charge, is a range from acceleration of £100 million to deceleration of £100 million.
 
 
 
R    Valuation bases for Group assets
 
The accounting carrying values of the Group's assets reflect the requirements of IFRS. For financial investments the basis of valuation reflects the Group's application of IAS 39 'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement' as described further below. The basis applied for the assets section of the statement of financial position at 30 June 2012 is summarised below:
 
                         
   
30 June 2012
 
30 June 2011*
   
31 December 2011*
   
At fair
 value
Cost/
 Amortised
 cost
note (i)
Total
 
At fair
 value
Cost/
Amortised
 cost
 note (i)
Total
 
At fair
 value
Cost/ Amortised
 cost
note (i)
Total
   
£m
£m
£m
 
£m
£m  
£m
 
£m
£m
£m
Intangible assets attributable to shareholders:
                     
 
Goodwill note P
1,467 
1,467 
 
1,469   
1,469 
 
1,465 
1,465 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets note Q
4,333 
4,333 
 
4,060   
4,060 
 
4,234 
4,234 
 
Total
5,800 
5,800 
 
5,529   
5,529 
 
5,699 
5,699 
Intangible assets attributable to with-profits funds:
                     
 
In respect of acquired subsidiaries for venture fund and other investment purposes
178 
178 
 
169   
169 
 
178 
178 
 
Deferred acquisition costs and other intangible assets
84 
84 
 
93   
93 
   
89 
89 
 
Total
262 
262 
 
262   
262 
 
267 
267 
Total
6,062 
6,062 
 
5,791   
5,791 
 
5,966 
5,966 
Other non-investment and non-cash assets:
                     
 
Property, plant and equipment
798 
798 
 
705   
705 
 
748 
748 
 
Reinsurers' share of insurance contract liabilities
1,703 
1,703 
 
1,334   
1,334 
 
1,647 
1,647 
 
Deferred tax assets note K
2,179 
2,179 
 
2,120   
2,120 
 
2,276 
2,276 
 
Current tax recoverable
308 
308 
 
384   
384 
 
546 
546 
 
Accrued investment income
2,713 
2,713 
 
2,460   
2,460 
 
2,710 
2,710 
 
Other debtors
1,827 
1,827 
   
1,638   
1,638 
 
987 
987 
 
Total
9,528 
9,528 
 
8,641   
8,641 
 
8,914 
8,914 
Investments of long-term business and other operations:note (ii)
                     
 
Investment properties
10,822 
10,822 
 
10,965 
-   
10,965 
 
10,757 
10,757 
 
Investments accounted for using the equity method
112 
112 
 
71   
71 
 
70 
70 
 
Loans note S
285 
9,696 
9,981 
 
245 
8,772   
9,017 
 
279 
9,435 
9,714 
 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
90,542 
90,542 
 
91,037 
-   
91,037 
 
87,349 
87,349 
 
Debt securities note T
128,269 
128,269 
 
117,213 
-   
117,213 
 
124,498 
124,498 
 
Other investments  
8,143 
8,143 
 
6,121 
-   
6,121 
 
7,509 
7,509 
 
Deposits  
12,429 
12,429 
 
10,858   
10,858 
 
10,708 
10,708 
 
Total
238,061 
22,237 
260,298 
 
225,581 
19,701   
245,282 
 
230,392 
20,213 
250,605 
Properties held for sale  
 
394 
-   
394 
 
Cash and cash equivalents  
6,737 
6,737 
 
8,589   
8,589 
 
7,257 
7,257 
Total assets
238,061 
44,564 
282,625 
 
225,975 
42,722   
268,697 
 
230,395 
42,350 
272,745 
Percentage of Group total assets
84%
16%
100%
 
84%
16%  
100%
 
84%
16%
100%
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
Notes
 
(i)      Assets carried at cost or amortised cost are subject to impairment testing where appropriate under IFRS requirements. This category also includes assets which are valued by reference to specific IFRS standards such as
          reinsurers' share of insurance contract liabilities, deferred tax assets and investments accounted for under the equity method.
 
(ii)     Realised gains and losses on the Group's investments for half year 2012 amounted to a net gain of £3.6 billion (half year 2011: £2.5 billion; full year 2011: £4.3 billion).
 
Determination of fair value
 
The fair values of the financial assets and liabilities of the Group have been determined on the following bases.
 
The fair values of the financial instruments for which fair valuation is required under IFRS are determined by the use of current market bid prices for exchange-quoted investments, or by using quotations from independent third-parties, such as brokers and pricing services or by using appropriate valuation techniques. Investments valued using valuation techniques include financial investments which by their nature do not have an externally quoted price based on regular trades, and financial investments for which markets are no longer active as a result of market conditions eg market illiquidity. The valuation techniques used include comparison to recent arm's length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, option adjusted spread models and, if applicable, enterprise valuation. These techniques may include a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Changes in assumptions relating to these variables could positively or negatively impact the reported fair value of these instruments. When determining the inputs into the valuation techniques used priority is given to publicly available prices from independent sources when available, but overall the source of pricing is chosen with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date.
 
The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based upon available market information and judgments about the financial instruments, including estimates of the timing and amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of counterparties. Such estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Group's entire holdings of a particular financial instrument, nor do they consider the tax impact of the realisation of unrealised gains or losses from selling the financial instrument being fair valued. In some cases the disclosed value cannot be realised in immediate settlement of the financial instrument.
 
The loans and receivables have been shown net of provisions for impairment. The fair value of loans has been estimated from discounted cash flows expected to be received. The rate of discount used was the market rate of interest.
 
The estimated fair value of derivative financial instruments reflects the estimated amount the Group would receive or pay in an arm's length transaction. This amount is determined using quoted prices if exchange listed, quotations from independent third-parties or valued internally using standard market practices. In accordance with the Group's risk management framework, all internally generated valuations are subject to assessment against external counterparties' valuations.
 
The fair value of other financial liabilities is determined using discounted cash flows of the amounts expected to be paid.
 
Level 1, 2 and 3 fair value measurement hierarchy of Group financial instruments           
 
The table below includes financial instruments carried at fair value analysed by level of the IFRS 7 'Financial Instruments: Disclosures' defined fair value hierarchy. This hierarchy is based on the inputs to the fair value measurement and reflects the lowest level input that is significant to that measurement.
 
 
 
The classification criteria and its application to Prudential can be summarised as follows:
 
 
 
Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
 
Level 1 includes financial instruments where there is clear evidence that the valuation is based on a quoted publicly traded price in an active market (eg exchange listed equities, mutual funds with quoted prices and exchange traded derivatives).
 
 
 
Level 2 - inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable either directly (ie as prices) or indirectly (ie derived from prices)
 
Level 2 includes investments where a direct link to an actively traded price is not readily apparent, but which are valued using inputs which are largely observable either directly (ie as prices) or indirectly (ie derived from prices). A significant proportion of the Group's level 2 assets are corporate bonds, structured securities and other non-national government debt securities. These assets, in line with market practice, are generally valued using independent pricing services or third-party broker quotes. These valuations are determined using independent external quotations from multiple sources and are subject to a number of monitoring controls, such as monthly price variances, stale price reviews and variance analysis on prices achieved on subsequent trades.
 
Pricing services, where available, are used to obtain the third-party broker quotes. Where pricing services providers are used, a single valuation is obtained and applied.
 
When prices are not available from pricing services, quotes are sourced directly from brokers. Prudential seeks to obtain a number of quotes from different brokers so as to obtain the most comprehensive information available on their executability. Where quotes are sourced directly from brokers, the price used in the valuation is normally selected from one of the quotes based on a number of factors, including the timeliness and regularity of the quotes and the accuracy of the quotes considering the spreads provided. The selected quote is the one which best represents an executable quote for the security at the measurement date.
 
Generally, no adjustment is made to the prices obtained from independent third parties. Adjustment is made in only limited circumstances, where it is determined that the third-party valuations obtained do not reflect fair value (eg either because the value is stale and/or the values are extremely diverse in range). These are usually securities which are distressed or that could be subject to a debt restructure or where reliable market prices are no longer available due to an inactive market or market dislocation. In these instances, prices are derived using internal valuation techniques including those as described above in this note with the objective of arriving at a fair value measurement which reflects the price at which an orderly transaction would take place between market participants on the measurement date. The techniques used require a number of assumptions relating to variables such as credit risk and interest rates. Examples of such variables include an average credit spread based on the corporate bond universe and the relevant duration of the asset being valued. Prudential measures the input assumptions based on the best available information at the measurement dates. Securities valued in such manner are classified as level 3 where these significant inputs are not based on observable market data.
 
Of the total level 2 debt securities of £97,052 million at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: £89,051 million; 31 December 2011: £94,378 million), £7,287 million are valued internally (30 June 2011: £6,644 million; 31 December 2011: £6,847 million). The majority of such securities are valued using matrix pricing, which is based on assessing the credit quality of the underlying borrower to derive a suitable discount rate relative to government securities of a comparable duration. Under matrix pricing, the debt securities are priced taking the credit spreads on comparable quoted public debt securities and applying these to the equivalent debt instruments factoring in a specified liquidity premium. The majority of the parameters used in this valuation technique are readily observable in the market and, therefore, are not subject to interpretation.
 
 
 
Level 3 - Significant inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs)
 
Level 3 includes investments which are internally valued or subject to a significant number of unobservable assumptions (eg private equity funds and certain derivatives which are bespoke or long dated).
 
At 30 June 2012 the Group held £4,863 million (30 June 2011: £4,423 million; 31 December 2011: £4,565 million), 2 per cent of the fair valued financial investments, net of derivative liabilities (30 June 2011: 2 per cent; 31 December 2011: 2 per cent), within level 3. Of these amounts £3,971 million (30 June 2011: £3,723 million; 31 December 2011: £3,732 million) was held by the Group's participating funds and therefore shareholders' profit and equity are not impacted by movements in the valuation of these financial instruments. At 30 June 2012, the £3,971 million (30 June 2011: £3,723 million; 31 December 2011: £3,732 million) represented 4.6 per cent (30 June 2011: 4.3 per cent; 31 December 2011: 4.3 per cent) of the total fair valued financial instruments, net of derivative liabilities of the participating funds.
 
Of the £861 million level 3 fair valued financial investments, net of derivative liabilities at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: £699 million; 31 December 2011: £800 million), which support non-linked shareholder-backed business (representing 1.4 per cent of the total fair valued financial investments net of derivative liabilities backing this business (30 June 2011: 1.2 per cent; 31 December 2011: 1.3 per cent)), £819 million of net assets are externally valued and £42 million are internally valued (30 June 2011: net assets of £745 million and net liabilities of £(46) million respectively; 31 December 2011: net assets of £757 million and £43 million respectively). These level 3 internal valuations, which represent 0.1 per cent of the total fair valued financial investments net of derivative liabilities supporting non-linked shareholder-backed business at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: (0.1) per cent; 31 December 2011: 0.1 per cent), are inherently more subjective than the external valuations.
 
 
 
Transfers between levels
 
During half year 2012, the transfers between levels within the Group's portfolio were primarily transfers from level 1 to 2 of £263 million and from level 3 to 2 of £145 million. These transfers which relate to equity securities and debt securities arose to reflect the change in the observability of the inputs used in valuing these securities.
 
 
   
30 June 2012
   
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
Analysis of financial investments, net of derivative liabilities by business type
       
With-profits
       
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
21,543 
1,388 
475 
23,406 
Debt securities
14,549 
43,849 
532 
58,930 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
295 
1,405 
2,964 
4,664 
Derivative liabilities
(41)
(1,410)
(1,451)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
36,346 
45,232 
3,971 
85,549 
Percentage of total
42%
53%
5%
100%
Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
       
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
65,845 
183 
22 
66,050 
Debt securities
3,843 
5,210 
9,062 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
45 
80 
125 
Derivative liabilities
(8)
(9)
(17)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
69,725 
5,464 
31 
75,220 
Percentage of total
93%
7%
0%
100%
Non-linked shareholder-backed
       
Loans
285 
285 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
1,002 
11 
73 
1,086 
Debt securities
12,069 
47,993 
215 
60,277 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
32 
2,548 
774 
3,354 
Derivative liabilities
(132)
(1,651)
(201)
(1,984)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
12,971 
49,186 
861 
63,018 
Percentage of total
21%
78%
1%
100%
         
Group total analysis, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
       
Group total
       
Loans
285 
285 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
88,390 
1,582 
570 
90,542 
Debt securities
30,461 
97,052 
756 
128,269 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
372 
4,033 
3,738 
8,143 
Derivative liabilities
(181)
(3,070)
(201)
(3,452)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
119,042 
99,882 
4,863 
223,787 
Borrowings attributable to the with-profits fund held at fair value
(41)
(41)
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features held at fair value
(15,221)
(15,221)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds
(2,779)
(466)
(533)
(3,778)
Other financial liabilities held at fair value
(311)
(311)
Total
116,263 
83,843 
4,330 
204,436 
Percentage of total
57%
41%
2%
100%
 
   
30 June 2011
   
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
Analysis of financial investments, net of derivative liabilities by business type
   
With-profits
       
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
28,379 
1,269 
361 
30,009 
Debt securities
12,673 
40,755 
721 
54,149 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
133 
1,228 
2,688 
4,049 
Derivative liabilities
(40)
(895)
(47)
(982)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
41,145 
42,357 
3,723 
87,225 
Percentage of total
47%
49%
4%
100%
Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
       
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
60,132 
13 
60,145 
Debt securities
4,148 
4,577 
8,726 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
16 
96 
112 
Derivative liabilities
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
64,296 
4,686 
68,983 
Percentage of total
93%
7%
0%
100%
Non-linked shareholder-backed
       
Loans
245 
245 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
755 
23 
105 
883 
Debt securities
10,385 
43,719 
234 
54,338 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
52 
1,298 
610 
1,960 
Derivative liabilities
(36)
(1,117)
(250)
(1,403)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
11,156 
44,168 
699 
56,023 
Percentage of total
20%
79%
1%
100%
           
Group total analysis, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
     
Group total
       
Loans
245 
245 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
89,266 
1,305 
466 
91,037 
Debt securities
27,206 
89,051 
956 
117,213 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
201 
2,622 
3,298 
6,121 
Derivative liabilities
(76)
(2,012)
(297)
(2,385)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
116,597 
91,211 
4,423 
212,231 
Borrowings attributable to the with-profits fund held at fair value
(71)
(71)
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features held at fair value
(14,708)
(14,708)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds
(1,773)
(980)
(450)
(3,203)
Total
114,824 
75,452 
3,973 
194,249 
Percentage of total
59%
39%
2%
100%
 
   
31 December 2011
   
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
Analysis of financial investments, net of derivative liabilities by business type
       
With-profits
       
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
24,001 
1,762 
284 
26,047 
Debt securities
13,298 
43,279 
655 
57,232 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
252 
1,378 
2,793 
4,423 
Derivative liabilities
(214)
(1,127)
(1,341)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
37,337 
45,292 
3,732 
86,361 
Percentage of total
43%
53%
4%
100%
Unit-linked and variable annuity separate account
       
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
59,662 
198 
30 
59,890 
Debt securities
4,160 
4,698 
8,861 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
18 
95 
113 
Derivative liabilities
(2)
(7)
(9)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
63,838 
4,984 
33 
68,855 
Percentage of total
93%
7%
0%
100%
Non-linked shareholder-backed
       
Loans
279 
279 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
1,175 
176 
61 
1,412 
Debt securities
11,753 
46,401 
251 
58,405 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
30 
2,237 
706 
2,973 
Derivative liabilities
(78)
(1,408)
(218)
(1,704)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
12,880 
47,685 
800 
61,365 
Percentage of total
21%
78%
1%
100%
         
Group total analysis, including other financial liabilities held at fair value
       
Group total
       
Loans
279 
279 
Equity securities and portfolio holdings in unit trusts
84,838 
2,136 
375 
87,349 
Debt securities
29,211 
94,378 
909 
124,498 
Other investments (including derivative assets)
300 
3,710 
3,499 
7,509 
Derivative liabilities
(294)
(2,542)
(218)
(3,054)
Total financial investments, net of derivative liabilities
114,055 
97,961 
4,565 
216,581 
Borrowings attributable to the with-profits fund held at fair value
(39)
(39)
Investment contract liabilities without discretionary participation features held at fair value
(15,056)
(15,056)
Net asset value attributable to unit holders of consolidated unit trusts and similar funds
(2,586)
(805)
(449)
(3,840)
Other financial liabilities held at fair value
(281)
(281)
Total
111,469 
81,780 
4,116 
197,365 
Percentage of total
57%
41%
2%
100%
 
 
 
S     Loans portfolio
 
Loans are accounted for at amortised cost net of impairment except for certain mortgage loans of the UK insurance operations which have been designated at fair value through profit and loss as this loan portfolio is managed and evaluated on a fair value basis. The amounts included in the statement of financial position are analysed as follows:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m
£m
£m
Insurance operations
     
 
UKnote(i)
3,435 
2,401 
3,115 
 
USnote (ii)
4,168 
4,062 
4,110 
 
Asianote (iii)
1,171 
1,283 
1,233 
Asset management operations
     
 
M&Gnote (iv)
1,207 
1,271 
1,256 
Total
9,981 
9,017 
9,714 
 
Notes
 
(i)      UK insurance operations
   The loans of the Group's UK insurance operations comprise:
 
     
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
     
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
SAIF and PAC WPSF
     
   
Mortgage loans*
1,282 
269 
1,036 
   
Policy loans
18 
22 
20 
   
Other loans**
840 
1,031 
917 
   
Total PAC WPSF loans
2,140 
1,322 
1,973 
 
Shareholder-backed
     
   
Mortgage loans*
1,290 
1,075 
1,137 
   
Other loans
   
Total shareholder-backed loans
1,295 
1,079 
1,142 
 
Total UK insurance operations loans
3,435 
2,401 
3,115 
 
*    The mortgage loans are collateralised by properties. £1,161 million of the £1,290 million held for shareholder-backed business relate to lifetime (equity release) mortgage business which have an average loan to property
       value of 29 per cent.
 
**  Other loans held by the PAC WPSF are all commercial loans and comprise mainly syndicated loans.
 
 
 
(ii)     US insurance operations
   The loans of the Group's US insurance operations comprise:
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
 
Mortgage loans
3,623 
3,525 
3,559 
 
Policy loans
545 
536 
551 
 
Other loans
 
Total US insurance operations loans
4,168 
4,062 
4,110 
 
†   All of the mortgage loans are commercial mortgage loans which are collateralised by properties. The property types are mainly industrial, multi-family residential, suburban office, retail and hotel. The breakdown by property
   type is as follows:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
%
%
%
 
Industrial
27 
27 
28 
 
Multi-family residential
24 
23 
23 
 
Office
19 
19 
19 
 
Retail
19 
20 
19 
 
Hotels
11 
10 
11 
 
Other
   
100 
100 
100 
 
The US insurance operations' commercial mortgage loan portfolio has an average loan size of £6.7 million (30 June 2011: £6.3 million; 31 December 2011: £6.6 million). The portfolio has a current estimated average loan to value of 66 per cent (30 June 2011: 72 per cent; 31 December 2011: 68 per cent) which provides significant cushion to withstand substantial declines in value.
 
At 30 June 2012, Jackson had mortgage loans with a carrying value of £84 million where the contractual terms of the agreements had been restructured. In addition to the regular impairment review afforded all loans in the portfolio, restructured loans are also reviewed for impairment. An impairment will be recorded if the expected cash flows under the newly restructured terms discounted at the original yield (the pre-structured interest rate) are below the carrying value of the loan.
 
 
  
  ‡   The policy are fully secured by individual life insurance policies or annuity policies. These loans are accounted for at amortised cost, less any impairment.
 
 
(iii)    Asia insurance operations
 
         The loans of the Group's Asia insurance operations comprise:
 
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Mortgage loans
34 
31 
31 
Policy loans
593 
544 
572 
Other loans‡‡
544 
708 
630 
Total Asia insurance operations loans
1,171 
1,283 
1,233 
 
‡   The mortgage and policy loans are secured by properties and life insurance policies respectively.
 
‡‡ The majority of the other loans are commercial loans held by the operation in Malaysia and which are all investment graded by two local rating agencies.
 
 
(iv)    M&G
   The M&G loans relate to loans and receivables managed by Prudential Capital. These assets are generally secured but have no external credit ratings. Internal ratings prepared by the Group's asset management operations, as 
   part of the risk management process, are:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
Loans and receivables internal ratings:
     
 
A+ to A-
108 
29 
129 
 
BBB+ to BBB-
980 
943 
 1,000 
 
BB+ to BB-
89 
255 
89 
 
B+ to B-
30 
44 
38 
 
Total M&G loans
1,207 
1,271 
1,256 
 
All loans in the portfolio are currently paying interest on scheduled coupon dates and no interest due has been capitalised or deferred. All loans are in compliance with their covenants at 30 June 2012. The loans in the portfolio generally have ratchet mechanisms included within the loan agreements at inception so that margins increase over time to encourage early repayment or have had margins increased to reflect revised commercial terms.
 
 
 
T       Debt securities portfolio
 
Debt securities are carried at fair value. The amounts included in the statement of financial position are analysed as follows, with further information relating to the credit quality of the Group's debt securities at 30 June 2012 provided in the notes below.
 
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m
£m
£m
Insurance operations
     
 
UK note(i)
79,900 
74,818 
77,953 
 
US note (ii)
27,061 
25,286 
27,022 
 
Asia note (iii)
19,433 
15,357 
17,681 
Asset management operationsnote (iv)
1,875 
1,752 
1,842 
Total
128,269 
117,213 
124,498 
 
Notes
(i) 
    UK insurance operations
 
   
PAC-with-profits sub-fund
 
Other funds and subsidiaries
 
UK insurance operations
 
 
Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund
Excluding Prudential Annuities Limited
Prudential Annuities Limited
Total
 
Unit-linked assets
PRIL
Other annuity and long-term business
 
30 Jun
2012
 Total
30 Jun
2011
Total
31 Dec
2011
 Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
 
£m
£m
£m
 
£m
£m
£m
S&P - AAA
464 
4,235 
496 
4,731 
 
611 
2,886 
455 
 
9,147 
11,642 
9,928 
S&P - AA+ to AA-
544 
3,827 
714 
4,541 
 
737 
3,009 
343 
 
9,174 
7,040 
8,647 
S&P - A+ to A-
1,109 
10,893 
1,303 
12,196 
 
1,743 
6,382 
846 
 
22,276 
21,437 
21,474 
S&P - BBB+ to BBB-
899 
9,255 
656 
9,911 
 
1,224 
3,783 
607 
 
16,424 
12,775 
15,746 
S&P - Other
241 
2,176 
59 
2,235 
 
152 
254 
38 
 
2,920 
3,080 
3,175 
 
3,257 
30,386 
3,228 
33,614 
 
4,467 
16,314 
2,289 
 
59,941 
55,974 
58,970 
                         
Moody's - Aaa
262 
2,510 
1,227 
3,737 
 
1,186 
2,412 
691 
 
8,288 
7,898 
7,945 
Moody's - Aa1 to Aa3
37 
340 
85 
425 
 
109 
429 
87 
 
1,087 
687 
651 
Moody's - A1 to A3
39 
473 
62 
535 
 
52 
428 
53 
 
1,107 
772 
1,008 
Moody's - Baa1 to Baa3
52 
539 
164 
703 
 
99 
321 
41 
 
1,216 
1,001 
1,030 
Moody's - Other
13 
170 
178 
 
41 
29 
 
268 
404 
242 
 
403 
4,032 
1,546 
5,578 
 
1,487 
3,619 
879 
 
11,966 
10,762 
10,876 
Fitch
21 
208 
77 
285 
 
31 
164 
19 
 
520 
475 
492 
Other
307 
4,058 
932 
4,990 
 
150 
1,922 
104 
 
7,473 
7,607 
7,615 
Total debt securities
3,988 
38,684 
5,783 
44,467 
 
6,135 
22,019 
3,291 
 
79,900 
74,818 
77,953 
 
Where no external ratings are available, internal ratings produced by the Group's asset management operation, which are prepared on the Company's assessment of a comparable basis to external ratings, are used where possible. The £7,473 million total debt securities held at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: £7,607 million; 31 December 2011: £7,615 million) which are not externally rated are either internally rated or unrated. These are analysed as follows:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
£m 
30 Jun
2011
£m 
31 Dec
2011
£m 
Internal ratings or unrated:
     
 
AAA to A-
2,847 
2,276 
2,726 
 
BBB to B-
3,599 
3,791 
3,773 
 
Below B- or unrated
1,027 
1,540 
1,116 
 
Total
7,473 
7,607 
7,615 
 
The majority of unrated debt security investments were held in SAIF and the PAC with-profits fund and relate to convertible debt and other investments which are not covered by ratings analysts nor have an internal rating attributed to them. Of the £2,026 million PRIL and other annuity and long-term business investments which are not externally rated, £6 million were internally rated AAA, £313 million AA, £641 million A, £838 million BBB, £112 million BB and £116 million were internally rated B+ and below or unrated.
 
(ii)     US insurance operations
US insurance operations held total debt securities with a carrying value of £27,061 million at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: £25,286 million; 31 December 2011: £27,022 million). The table below provides information relating to the credit risk of the aforementioned debt securities.
 
   
30 Jun 
2012 
30 Jun 
2011 
31 Dec 
2011 
Summary
 £m 
 £m 
 £m 
         
Corporate and government security and commercial loans:
     
 
Government
2,107 
1,758 
2,163 
 
Publicly traded and SEC Rule 144A securities
16,724 
14,872 
16,281 
 
Non-SEC Rule 144A securities
3,263 
3,058 
3,198 
 
Total
22,094 
19,688 
21,642 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
2,282 
2,536 
2,591 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
2,129 
2,274 
2,169 
Other debt securities
556 
788 
620 
Total debt securities
27,061 
25,286 
27,022 
 
The following table summarises the securities detailed above by rating as at 30 June 2012 using Standard and Poor's (S&P), Moody's, Fitch and implicit ratings of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) based on NAIC valuations:
 
   
30 Jun 
2012 
30 Jun 
 2011 *
31 Dec 
2011 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
S&P - AAA
 71 
 3,252 
133 
S&P - AA+ to AA-
 4,187 
 835 
4,476 
S&P - A+ to A-
 6,767 
 5,490 
6,382 
S&P - BBB+ to BBB-
 8,516 
 7,872 
8,446 
S&P - Other
 954 
 939 
999 
   
20,495 
18,388 
20,436 
Moody's - Aaa
69 
110 
62 
Moody's - Aa1 to Aa3
17 
14 
15 
Moody's - A1 to A3
24 
34 
29 
Moody's - Baa1 to Baa3
63 
73 
67 
Moody's - Other
21 
60 
17 
   
194 
291 
190 
Implicit ratings of MBS based on NAIC valuations (see below)
     
 
NAIC 1
2,577 
2,914 
2,577 
 
NAIC 2
114 
209 
147 
 
NAIC 3-6
289 
222 
368 
   
2,980 
3,345 
3,092 
Fitch
220 
97 
184 
Other **
3,172 
3,165 
3,120 
Total debt securities
27,061 
25,286 
27,022 
 
In the table above, with the exception of some mortgage-backed securities, S&P ratings have been used where available. For securities where S&P ratings are not immediately available, those produced by Moody's and then Fitch have been used as alternatives.
 
For some mortgage-backed securities within Jackson, the table above includes these securities using the regulatory ratings detail issued by the NAIC. These regulatory ratings levels were established by external third parties (PIMCO for residential mortgage-backed securities and BlackRock Solutions for commercial mortgage-backed securities).
 
    The movement in the S&P AAA rated debt securities in the second half of 2011 reflects the downgrade of US Sovereign debt to AA+ in the period.
 
 
** 
  The amounts within 'Other' which are not rated by S&P, Moody's nor Fitch, nor are MBS securities using the revised regulatory ratings, have the following NAIC classifications:
 
 
30 Jun 
2012 
30 Jun 
2011 
31 Dec 
2011 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
NAIC 1
1,279 
1,217 
1,258 
NAIC 2
1,823 
1,861 
1,792 
NAIC 3-6
70 
87 
70 
 
3,172 
3,165 
3,120 
 
 
 
(iii)  Asia insurance operations
             
 
With-profits business
Unit-linked assets
Other
 business
30 Jun
2012
Total
30 Jun
2011
Total
31 Dec
2011
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
S&P - AAA
605 
20 
40 
665 
2,370 
1,423 
S&P - AA+ to AA-
2,877 
84 
1,868 
4,829 
1,981 
3,843 
S&P - A+ to A-
1,843 
582 
1,088 
3,513 
3,070 
3,055 
S&P - BBB+ to BBB-
1,204 
79 
366 
1,649 
1,066 
1,451 
S&P - Other
1,081 
578 
765 
2,424 
1,787 
2,137 
 
7,610 
1,343 
4,127 
13,080 
10,274 
11,909 
Moody's - Aaa
691 
233 
475 
1,399 
1,344 
1,489 
Moody's - Aa1 to Aa3
62 
70 
10 
142 
129 
128 
Moody's - A1 to A3
210 
32 
62 
304 
146 
304 
Moody's - Baa1 to Baa3
139 
183 
68 
390 
52 
131 
Moody's - Other
72 
14 
14 
100 
64 
59 
 
1,174 
532 
629 
2,335 
1,735 
2,111 
Fitch
27 
18 
29 
74 
146 
351 
Other
1,664 
1,034 
1,246 
3,944 
3,202 
3,310 
Total debt securities
10,475 
2,927 
6,031 
19,433 
15,357 
17,681 
 
The following table analyses debt securities of 'Other business' which are not externally rated:
 
       
30 Jun
2012
Total
30 Jun
2011
Total
31 Dec
2011
Total
       
£m
£m
£m
Government bonds
     
352 
387 
244 
Corporate bonds rated as investment grade by local external ratings agencies
     
854 
626 
776 
Structured deposits issued by banks which are themselves rated, but where the specific deposits are not rated
     
113 
Other
     
40 
25 
45 
       
1,246 
1,151 
1,065 
 
 
(iv)    Asset Management Operations
Of the total debt securities at 30 June 2012 of £1,875 million, £1,867 million was held by M&G.
     
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
     
£m 
£m 
£m 
M&G
     
 
AAA to A- by Standard and Poor's or Aaa rated by Moody's
1,620 
1,573 
1,547 
 
Other
247 
166 
287 
Total M&G
1,867 
1,739 
1,834 
 
 
(v)     Group exposure to holdings in asset-backed securities
The Group's exposure to holdings in asset-backed securities, which comprise residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), collateralised debt obligations (CDO) funds and other asset-backed securities (ABS), at 30 June 2012 is as follows:
 
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£m 
£m 
£m
Shareholder-backed operations (excluding assets held in unit-linked funds):
     
UK insurance operations note (a)
1,538 
993 
1,358 
US insurance operations note (b)
4,967 
5,598 
5,380 
Asia insurance operations 
172 
110 
176 
Other operations note (d)
622 
659 
594 
 
7,299 
7,360 
7,508 
With-profits operations:
     
UK insurance operations note (a)
5,743 
5,602 
5,351 
Asia insurance operations note (c)
407 
263 
454 
 
6,150 
5,865 
5,805 
Total
13,449 
13,225 
13,313 
 
(a) 
   UK insurance operations
The UK insurance operations' exposure to asset-backed securities at 30 June 2012 comprises:
 
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£m 
£m 
£m
Shareholder-backed business (2012: 37% AAA, 12% AA)*
1,538 
993 
1,358 
With-profits operations (2012: 61% AAA, 8% AA)**
5,743 
5,602 
5,351 
Total
7,281 
6,595 
6,709 
 
   All of the exposure of the shareholder-backed business relates to the UK market and primarily relates to investments held by PRIL.
** 
Of the £5,743 million exposure of the with-profits operations at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: £5,602 million; 31 December 2011; £5,351 million), £1,683 million (30 June 2011: £1,242 million; 31 December 2011: £1,314 million) relates to
exposure to the US markets and with the remaining exposure being primarily to the UK market.
 
(b) 
   US insurance operations
US insurance operations' exposure to asset-backed securities at 30 June 2012 comprises:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
RMBS Sub-prime (2012: 21% AAA, 3% AA)**
213 
218 
207 
 
Alt-A (2012: 12% AAA, 4% AA)
281 
390 
310 
 
Prime including agency (2012: 3% AAA, 77% AA)
1,788 
1,928 
2,074 
CMBS (2012: 36% AAA, 10% AA)**
2,129 
2,274 
2,169 
CDO funds (2012: 0% AAA, 1% AA)*, including £nil exposure to sub-prime
37 
107 
44 
Other ABS (2012: 16% AAA, 18% AA), including £6.4 million exposure to sub-prime
519 
681 
576 
Total
4,967 
5,598 
5,380 
* Including the Group's economic interest in Piedmont and other consolidated CDO funds.
** MBS ratings refer to the ratings implicit within NAIC risk-based capital valuation see note C (a).
 
(c) 
    Asia insurance operations
The Asia insurance operations' exposure to asset-backed securities is primarily held by the with-profits operations.
 
The £407 million (30 June 2011: £263 million; 31 December 2011: £454 million) asset-backed securities exposure of the Asia with-profits operations comprises:
 
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
CMBS
 124 
 88 
 149 
CDO funds and ABS
 283 
 175 
 305 
Total
407 
263 
454 
 
The £407 million includes £332 million (30 June 2011: £176 million; 31 December 2011: £398 million) held by investment funds consolidated under IFRS in recognition of the control arrangements for those funds and include an amount not owned by the Group with a corresponding liability of £22 million (30 June 2011: £7 million; 31 December 2011: £20 million) on the statement of financial position for net asset value attributable to external unit-holders in respect of these funds, which are non-recourse to the Group. Of the £407 million, 61 per cent (30 June 2011: 52 per cent; 31 December 2011: 75 per cent) are investment graded by Standard and Poor's.
 
(d) 
     Other operations
Other operations' exposure to asset-backed securities at 30 June 2012 is held by Prudential Capital and comprises:
 
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£m
£m
£m
RMBS: Prime (2012: 92% AAA, 4% AA)
363 
340 
340 
CMBS (2012: 30% AAA, 14% AA)
132 
185 
146 
CDO funds and other ABS - all without sub-prime exposure (2012: 99% AAA)
127 
134 
108 
Total
622 
659 
594 
 
vi     Group sovereign debt exposure
 
The exposure of the Group's shareholder and with-profits funds to sovereign debt (including credit default swaps that are referenced to sovereign debt) at 30 June 2012 is as follows:
 
     
30 Jun 2012
31 Dec 2011
     
Shareholder
sovereign
debt 
With-profits
sovereign
debt 
Shareholder
sovereign
debt 
With-profits
sovereign
debt 
     
£m
£m
£m
£m
Continental Europe
       
   
Italy
44 
54 
43 
52 
   
Spain
36 
33 
     
45 
90 
44 
85 
 
Germany
463 
530 
598 
602 
 
Other Europe (principally Isle of Man and Belgium)
58 
47 
48 
62 
     
566 
667 
690 
749 
United Kingdom
3,323 
2,303 
3,254 
2,801 
United States
2,365 
3,305 
2,448 
2,615 
Other, predominantly Asia
2,888 
341 
2,850 
332 
Total
9,142 
6,616 
9,242 
6,497 
 
Sovereign debt represented 15 per cent or £9.1 billion of the debt portfolio backing shareholder business at 30 June 2012 (31 December 2011: 16 per cent or £9.2 billion). 43 per cent of this was rated AAA and 91 per cent investment grade (31 December 2011: 43 per cent AAA, 94 per cent investment grade). At 30 June 2012, the Group's total holding in continental Europe shareholder sovereign debt fell from £690 million at 31 December 2011 to £566 million, principally due to a reduction in the level of German debt held from £598 million to £463 million. Of the total £566 million debt, 82 per cent was AAA rated (31 December 2011: 87 per cent AAA rated). Shareholder exposure to the Eurozone sovereigns of Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain (PIIGS) is £45 million (31 December 2011: £44 million). The Group does not have any sovereign debt exposure to Greece, Portugal or Ireland. 
 
Exposure to bank debt securities
 
The Group held the following direct exposures to bank debt securities of shareholder-backed business at 30 June 2012.
 
 
Bank debt securities - shareholder-backed business
 
Senior debt
Subordinated debt
 
 
Covered 
Senior 
Total senior 
 debt 
Tier 2 
Tier 1 
Total 
 subordinated 
 debt 
30 Jun 2012
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Portugal
 - 
 26 
 26 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 26 
Ireland
 - 
 14 
 14 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 14 
Italy
 - 
 11 
 11 
 56 
 - 
 56 
 67 
Greece
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Spain
 137 
 10 
 147 
 42 
 3 
 45 
 192 
 
 137 
 61 
 198 
 98 
 3 
 101 
 299 
Austria
 - 
 - 
 - 
 10 
 - 
 10 
 10 
Belgium
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
France
 17 
 34 
 51 
 58 
 30 
 88 
 139 
Germany
 - 
 31 
 31 
 1 
 - 
 1 
 32 
Luxembourg
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Netherlands
 - 
 11 
 11 
 89 
 66 
 155 
 166 
United Kingdom
 457 
 182 
 639 
 618 
 101 
 719 
 1,358 
Total Europe
 611 
 319 
 930 
 874 
 200 
 1,074 
 2,004 
United States
 - 
 1,434 
 1,434 
 382 
 1 
 383 
 1,817 
Other, predominantly Asia
 20 
 303 
 323 
 339 
 229 
 568 
 891 
Total
 631 
 2,056 
 2,687 
 1,595 
 430 
 2,025 
 4,712 
 
 
 
Bank debt securities - shareholder-backed business
 
Senior debt
Subordinated debt
 
 
Covered 
Senior 
Total senior 
 debt 
Tier 2 
Tier 1 
Total 
 subordinated 
 debt 
31 Dec 2011
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Portugal
 - 
 24 
 24 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 24 
Ireland
 - 
 13 
 13 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 13 
Italy
 - 
 11 
 11 
 56 
 14 
 70 
 81 
Greece
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Spain
 107 
 11 
 118 
 90 
 2 
 92 
 210 
 
 107 
 59 
 166 
 146 
 16 
 162 
 328 
Austria
 - 
 - 
 - 
 9 
 - 
 9 
 9 
Belgium
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
France
 2 
 34 
 36 
 78 
 35 
 113 
 149 
Germany
 - 
 28 
 28 
 1 
 - 
 1 
 29 
Luxembourg
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Netherlands
 - 
 7 
 7 
 81 
 64 
 145 
 152 
United Kingdom
 228 
 145 
 373 
 615 
 95 
 710 
 1,083 
Total Europe
 337 
 273 
 610 
 930 
 210 
 1,140 
 1,750 
United States
 - 
 1,362 
 1,362 
 352 
 2 
 354 
 1,716 
Other, predominantly Asia
 - 
 246 
 246 
 562 
 33 
 595 
 841 
Total
 337 
 1,881 
 2,218 
 1,844 
 245 
 2,089 
 4,307 
 
In addition to the exposures held by the shareholder-backed business, the Group held the following bank debt securities at 30 June 2012 and 31 December 2011within its with-profits funds.
 
 
Bank debt securities - participating funds
 
Senior debt
Subordinated debt
 
 
Covered 
Senior 
Total senior 
 debt 
Tier 2 
Tier 1 
Total 
 subordinated 
 debt 
30 Jun 2012
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Portugal
 - 
 7 
 7 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 7 
Ireland
 5 
 - 
 5 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 5 
Italy
 - 
 47 
 47 
 49 
 - 
 49 
 96 
Greece
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Spain
 157 
 12 
 169 
 5 
 1 
 6 
 175 
 
 162 
 66 
 228 
 54 
 1 
 55 
 283 
Austria
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Belgium
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
France
 11 
 69 
 80 
 48 
 5 
 53 
 133 
Germany
 - 
 6 
 6 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 6 
Luxembourg
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Netherlands
 - 
 133 
 133 
 - 
 4 
 4 
 137 
United Kingdom
 704 
 435 
 1,139 
 753 
 42 
 795 
 1,934 
Total Europe
 877 
 709 
 1,586 
 855 
 52 
 907 
 2,493 
United States
 - 
 1,720 
 1,720 
 202 
 36 
 238 
 1,958 
Other, predominantly Asia
 9 
 437 
 446 
 202 
 130 
 332 
 778 
Total
 886 
 2,866 
 3,752 
 1,259 
 218 
 1,477 
 5,229 
 
 
Bank debt securities - participating funds
 
Senior debt
Subordinated debt
 
 
Covered 
Senior 
Total senior 
 debt 
Tier 2 
Tier 1 
Total 
 subordinated 
 debt 
31 Dec 2011
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Portugal
 - 
 7 
 7 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 7 
Ireland
 5 
 - 
 5 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 5 
Italy
 - 
 45 
 45 
 49 
 2 
 51 
 96 
Greece
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Spain
 137 
 - 
 137 
 1 
 - 
 1 
 138 
 
 142 
 52 
 194 
 50 
 2 
 52 
 246 
Austria
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
Belgium
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 - 
France
 - 
 80 
 80 
 47 
 17 
 64 
 144 
Germany
 - 
 7 
 7 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 7 
Luxembourg
 - 
 7 
 7 
 - 
 - 
 - 
 7 
Netherlands
 - 
 80 
 80 
 14 
 28 
 42 
 122 
United Kingdom
 319 
 385 
 704 
 772 
 74 
 846 
 1,550 
Total Europe
 461 
 611 
 1,072 
 883 
 121 
 1,004 
 2,076 
United States
 - 
 1,378 
 1,378 
 396 
 278 
 674 
 2,052 
Other, predominantly Asia
 1 
 384 
 385 
 341 
 20 
 361 
 746 
Total
 462 
 2,373 
 2,835 
 1,620 
 419 
 2,039 
 4,874 
 
 
 
U    Debt securities of US insurance operations: Valuation basis, accounting presentation of gains and losses and securities in an unrealised loss position
 
 
i        Valuation basis
Under IAS 39, unless categorised as 'held to maturity' or 'loans and receivables' debt securities are required to be fair valued. Where available, quoted market prices are used. However, where securities do not have an externally quoted price based on regular trades or where markets for the securities are no longer active as a result of market conditions, IAS 39 requires that valuation techniques be applied. IFRS 7 requires classification of the fair values applied by the Group into a three level hierarchy. At 30 June 2012, 0.1 per cent of Jackson's debt securities were classified as level 3 (30 June 2011: 0.1 per cent; 31 December 2011: 0.1 per cent) comprising of fair values where there are significant inputs which are not based on observable market data.
 
 
ii       Accounting presentation of gains and losses
With the exception of debt securities of US insurance operations classified as 'available-for-sale' under IAS 39, unrealised value movements on the Group's investments are booked within the income statement. For with-profits operations, such value movements are reflected in changes to asset share liabilities to policyholders or the liability for unallocated surplus. For shareholder-backed operations, the unrealised value movements form part of the total return for the year booked in the profit before tax attributable to shareholders. Separately, as noted elsewhere and in note C in this report, and as applied previously, the Group provides an analysis of this profit distinguishing operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and short-term fluctuations in investment returns.
 
However, for debt securities classified as 'available-for-sale', unless impaired, fair value movements are recognised in other comprehensive income. Realised gains and losses, including impairments, recorded in the income statement are as shown in note F of this report. This classification is applied for most of the debt securities of the Group's US insurance operations.
 
 
iii     Half year 2012 movements in unrealised gains and losses
In half year 2012 there was a movement in the statement of financial position value for debt securities classified as available-for-sale from a net unrealised gain of £2,057 million to a net unrealised gain of £2,522 million. This increase reflects the effects of lower interest rates. The gross unrealised gain in the statement of financial position increased from £2,303 million at 31 December 2011 to £2,679 million at 30 June 2012, while the gross unrealised loss decreased from £246 million at 31 December 2011 to £157 million at 30 June 2012.
 
These features are included in the table shown below of the movements in the values of available-for-sale securities.
 
   
30 Jun
2012
Changes in Unrealised appreciation**
Foreign exchange translation
31 Dec
2011
     
Reflected as part of movement in comprehensive income
 
   
£m  
£m 
£m 
£m 
Assets fair valued at below book value
       
 
Book value*
1,670 
   
2,455 
 
Unrealised loss(iv)(a), (b)
(157)
87 
(246)
 
Fair value (as included in statement of financial position)
1,513 
   
2,209 
Assets fair valued at or above book value
       
 
Book value*
22,863 
   
22,504 
 
Unrealised gain
2,679 
395 
(19)
2,303 
 
Fair value (as included in statement of financial position)
25,542 
   
24,807 
Total
       
 
Book value*
24,533 
   
24,959 
 
Net unrealised gain (loss)  
2,522 
482 
(17)
2,057 
 
Fair value (as included in statement of financial position)
27,055 
   
27,016 
 
*    Book value represents cost/amortised cost of the debt securities.
 
**  Translated at the average rate of $1.5768: £1.
 
    Debt securities for US operations included in the statement of financial position at 30 June 2012 and as referred to in note T, comprise:
 
 
30 Jun
2012
31 Dec
2011
 
£m 
£m 
Available-for-sale
27,055 
27,016 
Consolidated investment funds classified as fair value through profit and loss
 
27,061 
27,022 
 
Included within the movement in gross unrealised losses for the debt securities of Jackson of £87 million as shown above was a net decrease in value of £12 million relating to sub-prime and Alt-A securities for which the carrying values are shown in the 'Fair value of securities as a percentage of book value' table below.
 
 
iv      Debt securities classified as available-for-sale in an unrealised loss position
The following tables show some key attributes of those securities that are in an unrealised loss position at 30 June 2012.
 
 
 
(a)    Fair value of securities as a percentage of book value
The following table shows the fair value of the debt securities in a gross unrealised loss position for various percentages of book value:
 
 
30 Jun
 2012
31 Dec
2011
 
Fair value
Unrealised loss
Fair value
Unrealised loss
 
 £m
£m
 £m
£m
Between 90% and 100%
1,160 
(27)
1,829 
(60)
Between 80% and 90%
190 
(31)
172 
(28)
Below 80% note (d)
163 
(99)
208 
(158)
Total
1,513 
(157)
2,209 
(246)
 
Included within the table above are amounts relating to sub-prime and Alt-A securities of:
         
 
30 Jun
2012
31 Dec
2011
 
Fair value
Unrealised loss
Fair value
Unrealised
loss
 
 £m
£m
£m
£m
Between 90% and 100%
127 
(5)
142 
(7)
Between 80% and 90%
50 
(9)
58 
(11)
Below 80% note(d)
62 
(25)
69 
(35)
Total
239 
(39)
269 
(53)
 
(b)  Unrealised losses by maturity of security
 
30 Jun
2012
31 Dec
2011
 
£m
£m
Less than 1 year
 - 
 - 
1 year to 5 years
(2)
(7)
5 years to 10 years
(18)
(28)
More than 10 years
(11)
(28)
Mortgage-backed and other debt securities
(126)
(183)
Total
(157)
(246)
 
(c)  Age analysis of unrealised losses for the years indicated
The following table shows the age analysis of all the unrealised losses in the portfolio by reference to the length of time the securities have been in an unrealised loss position:
             
 
30 Jun
2012
31 Dec
2011
 
Non investment grade
Investment grade
Total
Non investment grade
Investment grade
Total
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Less than 6 months
(7)
(15)
(22)
(11)
(31)
(42)
6 months to 1 year
(4)
(6)
(10)
(7)
(8)
(15)
1 year to 2 years
(5)
(3)
(8)
(5)
(1)
(6)
2 years to 3 years
(3)
(3)
(7)
(10)
(17)
More than 3 years
(52)
(62)
(114)
(61)
(105)
(166)
Total
(71)
(86)
(157)
(91)
(155)
(246)
 
At 30 June 2012, the gross unrealised losses in the statement of financial position for the sub-prime and Alt-A securities in an unrealised loss position were £39 million (31 December 2011: £53 million), as shown above in note (a). Of these losses £2 million (31 December 2011: £10 million) relate to securities that have been in an unrealised loss position for less than one year and £37 million (31 December 2011: £43 million) to securities that have been in an unrealised loss position for more than one year.
 
(d)     Securities whose fair value were below 80 per cent of the book value
As shown in the table (a) above, £99 million of the £157 million of gross unrealised losses at 30 June 2012 (31 December 2011: £158 million of the £246 million of gross unrealised losses) related to securities whose fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value. The analysis of the £99 million (31 December 2011: £158 million), by category of debt securities and by age analysis indicating the length of time for which their fair value was below 80 per cent of the book value, is as follows:
 
 
   
30 Jun 2012
31 Dec 2011
Category analysis
Fair value
Unrealised loss
Fair value
Unrealised loss
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
Residential mortgage-backed securities
       
 
Prime (including agency)
27 
(10)
38 
(16)
 
Alt - A
11 
(3)
12 
(3)
 
Sub-prime
51 
(22)
58 
(32)
   
89 
(35)
108 
(51)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities.
(29)
(29)
Other asset-backed securities
53 
(31)
65 
(58)
Total structured securities
150 
(95)
179 
(138)
Corporates
13 
(4)
29 
(20)
Total
163 
(99)
208 
(158)
 
The following table shows the age analysis as at 30 June 2012, of the securities whose fair value were below 80 per cent of the book value:
         
 
30 Jun 2012
30 Dec 2011
 
Fair value
Unrealised loss
Fair value
Unrealised loss
Age analysis
£m
£m
£m
£m
Less than 3 months
 32 
(10)
 15 
(5)
3 months to 6 months
 - 
 45 
(15)
More than 6 months
131 
(89)
148 
(138)
 
163 
(99)
208 
(158)
 
 
 
V     Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
 
     
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
30 Dec
2011
     
£m
£m
£m
Core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations:note (i)
     
 
Perpetual subordinated capital securities (Innovative Tier 1)note (ii)
1,808 
1,764 
1,823 
 
Subordinated notes (Lower Tier 2) note (ii)
830 
1,280 
829 
 
Subordinated debt total
2,638 
3,044 
2,652 
 
Senior debtnote (iii)
     
   
2023 
300 
300 
300 
   
2029 
249 
249 
249 
 
Holding company total
3,187 
3,593 
3,201 
 
PruCap bank loannote (iv)
250 
250 
250 
 
Jackson surplus notes (Lower Tier 2)note (ii)
159 
155 
160 
Total (per condensed consolidated statement of financial position)
3,596 
3,998 
3,611 
Less: Holding company cash and short-term investments  
     
 
(recorded within the condensed consolidated statement of financial position)note (v)
(1,222)
(1,476)
(1,200)
Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations
2,374 
2,522 
2,411 
 
 
Notes
 
(i)     The maturity profile, currencies and interest rates applicable to the core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations of the Group are as detailed in note H13 of the Group's consolidated financial statements for the
         year ended 31 December 2011. There were no changes in half year 2012 affecting these core structural borrowings.
 
(ii)    These debt classifications are consistent with the treatment of capital for regulatory purposes, as defined in the FSA handbook. In January 2011, the Company issued US$550 million 7.75 per cent Tier 1 subordinated debt,
         primarily to retail investors. The proceeds, net of costs, were US$539 million (£340 million) and were used to finance the repayments of the €500 million Tier 2 subordinated debt in December 2011. 
 
         The Group has designated US$2.85 billion (30 June and 31 December 2011: US$2.85 billion) of its Tier 1 subordinated debt as a net investment hedge under IAS 39 to hedge the currency risks related to the net investment in
         Jackson.
 
(iii)   The senior debt ranks above subordinated debt in the event of liquidation.
 
(iv)   The £250 million PruCap bank loan was made in December 2010 in two tranches: £135 million maturing in June 2014, currently drawn at a cost of twelve month £LIBOR plus 1.2 per cent and £115 million maturing in December
         2012, currently drawn at a cost of twelve month £LIBOR plus 0.99 per cent.
 
(v)    Including central finance subsidiaries.
 
 
W    Other borrowings
 
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Operational borrowings attributable to shareholder-financed operationsnote (i)
     
Borrowings in respect of short-term fixed income securities programmes
2,568 
2,633 
2,956 
Non-recourse borrowings of US operations  
20 
34 
21 
Other borrowings note (ii)
216 
245 
363 
Total
2,804 
2,912 
3,340 
Borrowings attributable to with-profits operations
     
Non-recourse borrowings of consolidated investment funds
742 
1,212 
747 
£100m 8.5% undated subordinated guaranteed bonds of Scottish Amicable Finance plc
100 
100 
100 
Other borrowings (predominantly obligations under finance leases)
113 
128 
125 
Total
955 
1,440 
972 
 
Notes
 
(i)      In addition to the debt listed above, £200 million Floating Rate Notes were issued by Prudential plc in April 2012 which mature in October 2012. These Notes have been wholly subscribed to by a Group subsidiary and
          accordingly have been eliminated on consolidation in the Group financial statements. These Notes were originally issued in October 2008 and have been reissued upon their maturity.
 
(ii)     Other borrowings mainly include amounts whose repayment to the lender is contingent upon future surpluses emerging from certain contracts specified under the arrangement. If insufficient surplus emerges on those 
          contracts, there is no recourse to other assets of the Group and the liability is not payable to the degree of shortfall. In addition, other borrowings include senior debt issued through the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis
          (FHLB) and was secured on collateral posted with FHLB by Jackson.
 
The Group has chosen to designate as a fair value hedge under IAS 39 certain fixed to floating rate swaps which hedge the fair value interest rate exposure movements of these borrowings.
 
 
 
X     Defined benefit pension schemes
 
The Group asset/liability in respect of defined benefit pension schemes is as follows:
 
Summary Group position
 
   
PSPS
Other
schemes
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
Underlying economic surplusnote (ii)
1,416 
1,425 
754 
1,543 
Less: unrecognised surplus and adjustment for obligation for deficit funding note (ii)
(1,249)
(1,249)
(893)
(1,607)
Economic surplus (deficit) (including investment in Prudential insurance policies)note (ii)
167 
176 
(139)
(64)
Attributable to:  
         
 
PAC with-profits fund  
116 
(18)
98 
(74)
(41)
 
Shareholder-backed operations
51 
27 
78 
(65)
(23)
Consolidation adjustment against policyholder liabilities for investment in Prudential insurance policies
(169)
(169)
(222)
(165)
IAS 19 pension asset (liability) on the Group statement of financial position*
167 
(160)
(361)
(229)
 
*    At 30 June 2012, the PSPS' pension asset of £167 million and the other schemes' pension liability of £160 million were included within 'Other debtors' and 'Provisions', respectively on the condensed consolidated statement of
      financial position. The 2011 comparative liabilities of £361 million and £229 million as at 30 June 2011 and 31 December 2011, respectively were included within 'Provisions'.
 
The Group business operations operate a number of pension schemes. The largest defined benefit scheme is the principal UK scheme, namely the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). In the UK, the Group also operates two smaller defined benefit schemes for employees in respect of Scottish Amicable and M&G. For all three schemes the projected unit method was used for the most recent full actuarial valuations. There is also a small defined benefit pension scheme in Taiwan.                 
 
Defined benefit schemes in the UK are generally required to be subject to full actuarial valuation every three years in order to assess the appropriate level of funding for schemes in relation to their commitments. These valuations include assessments of the likely rate of return on the assets held within the separate trustee administered funds. The valuation of PSPS as at 5 April 2011 was finalised in the second quarter of 2012. This valuation demonstrated the scheme to be 111 per cent funded by reference to the Scheme Solvency Target that forms the basis of the scheme's funding objective. As a result of this valuation, future contributions into the scheme have been reduced to the minimum level of contributions required under the scheme rules effective from July 2012. Excluding expenses, the contributions will fall to approximately £6 million per annum from the
£50 million per annum paid previously. The new contributions are only for ongoing service of current employees. No deficit type funding is required. Deficit funding for PSPS, where applicable, is apportioned in the ratio of 70/30 between the PAC with-profits fund and shareholder-backed operations following detailed consideration in 2005 of the sourcing of previous contributions. Employer contributions for ongoing service of current employees are apportioned in the ratio relevant to current activity.
 
The valuation of the Scottish Amicable Pension Scheme (SAPS) as at 31 March 2008 demonstrated the scheme to be 91 per cent funded. Based on this valuation and subsequent agreement with the Trustees, deficit funding of £13.1 million per annum is currently being paid into the scheme. The valuation of SAPS as at 31 March 2011 is currently being finalised, but it is anticipated the current level of funding to continue, extending the Group's commitment to pay deficit funding.
 
The valuation of the M&G pension scheme as at 31 December 2008 demonstrated the scheme to be 76 per cent funded. Based on this valuation, deficit funding amounts designed to eliminate the actuarial deficit over a five year period have been made from January 2010 of £14.1 million per annum for the first two years and £9.3 million per annum for the subsequent three years. During 2011, the Group agreed with the Trustees to pay an additional funding of £1.2 million per annum from January 2012, until the conclusion of the next formal valuation as at 31 December 2011 which is currently in progress.
 
Under the IAS 19 'Employee Benefits' valuation basis, the Group applies IFRIC 14, 'IAS 19 - The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction'. Under IFRIC 14, a surplus is only recognised to the extent that the Company is able to access the surplus either through an unconditional right of refund to the surplus or through reduced future contributions relating to ongoing service which have been substantively enacted or contractually agreed. Further, the IFRS financial position recorded reflects the higher of any underlying IAS 19 deficit and any obligation for committed deficit funding obligation.
 
For PSPS, the Group does not have unconditional right of refund to any surplus of the scheme. Accordingly, prior to the finalisation of the 5 April 2011 triennial valuation, the Group had not recognised the underlying surplus of PSPS (30 June 2011: £858 million gross of deferred tax; 31 December 2011: £1,588 million gross of deferred tax) and had recognised a liability for deficit funding (30 June 2011: £35 million gross of deferred tax; 31 December 2011: £19 million gross of deferred tax).
 
The underlying IAS 19 surplus for PSPS at 30 June 2012 was £1,416 million. The finalisation of the 5 April 2011 triennial valuation was accompanied by an agreement with the Trustees that additional deficit type funding would no longer be necessary and furthermore, the level of contributions for ongoing service of current employees was reduced to the minimum level required by the scheme rules. As a consequence, a portion of the surplus, being £169 million, is now recognised as recoverable. The £169 million represents the present value of the economic benefits available from the reductions to future ongoing contributions to the scheme. Accordingly, including a £2 million residual obligation for deficit funding from the 2008 valuation agreement, a net surplus of £167 million gross of deferred tax was recognised at 30 June 2012. Of this amount, £116 million was allocated to the PAC with-profits fund and £51 million was allocated to the shareholders' fund.
 
The IAS 19 deficit of the Scottish Amicable Pension Scheme at 30 June 2012 was £35 million (30 June 2011: deficit of £99 million; 31 December 2011: deficit of £55 million) and has been allocated approximately 50 per cent to the PAC with-profits fund and 50 per cent to the shareholders' fund.
 
The IAS 19 surplus of the M&G pension scheme on an economic basis at 30 June 2012 was £44 million (30 June 2011: deficit of £5 million; 31 December 2011: surplus of £10 million) and is wholly attributable to shareholders. The underlying position on an economic basis reflects the assets (including investments in Prudential insurance policies that are offset against liabilities to policyholders on the Group consolidation) and the liabilities of the schemes. As at 30 June 2012, the M&G pension scheme has invested £169 million in Prudential insurance policies (30 June 2011: £222 million; 31 December 2011: £165 million). After excluding these investments that are offset against liabilities to policyholders, the IAS 19 basis position of the M&G pension scheme is a deficit of £125 million (30 June 2011: deficit of £227 million, 31 December 2011: deficit of £155 million).
 
i        Assumptions
 
The actuarial assumptions used in determining benefit obligations and the net periodic benefit costs for the period ended 30 June 2012 were as follows:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
%
30 Jun
2011
%
31 Dec
2011
%
         
Discount rate *
4.6 
5.6 
4.7 
Rate of increase in salaries  
2.6 
5.7 
2.9 
Rate of inflation:
     
 
Retail Price Index (RPI)  
2.6 
3.7 
2.9 
 
Consumer Price Index (CPI)  
1.6 
2.7 
1.9 
Rate of increase of pensions in payment for inflation:  
     
 
Guaranteed (maximum 5%)  
2.5 
2.7 
2.5 
 
Guaranteed (maximum 2.5%) **
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
 
Discretionary **
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
Expected returns on plan assets  
3.1 
5.1 
5.1 
 
*    The discount rate has been determined by reference to an 'AA' corporate bond index adjusted, where applicable, to allow for the difference in duration between the index and the pension liabilities.
 
**  The rates of 2.5 per cent are those for PSPS. Assumed rates of increase of pensions in payments for inflation for all other schemes are 2.6 per cent for 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: 2.7 per cent; 31 December 2011: 2.9 per cent).
 
†        The rate of inflation reflects the long-term assumption for the UK RPI or CPI depending on the tranche of the schemes.
 
The calculations are based on current actuarially calculated mortality estimates with a specific allowance made for future improvements in mortality. The specific allowance for half year 2012 and full year 2011 is in line with a custom calibration of the 2009 mortality model from the Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (CMI).
 
The tables used for PSPS immediate annuities in payment at 30 June 2012, 30 June 2011 and 31 December 2011 were:
 
Male: 108.6 per cent PNMA 00 with improvements in line with a custom calibration of the CMIs 2009 mortality model, with a long-term mortality improvement rate of 1.75 per cent per annum; and
Female: 103.4 per cent PNFA 00 with improvements in line with a custom calibration of the CMIs 2009 mortality model, with a long-term mortality improvement rate of 1.00 per cent per annum.
 
ii       Estimated pension scheme deficit - economic basis
 
Movements on the pension scheme deficit (determined on the economic basis) are as follows, with the effect of the application of IFRIC 14 being shown separately:
 
             
   
Half year 2012
     
(Charge) credit to income statement
   
   
Surplus
 (deficit)
in scheme
 at 1 January
 2012
Operating
 results
 (based on
longer-term
 investment
returns)
note (a)
Actuarial and
 other gains
 and losses note (b)
Contributions paid
Surplus
 (deficit)
in scheme
 at 30 Jun
 2012
note (c)
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
All schemes
         
Underlying position (without the effect of IFRIC 14)
         
Surplus (deficit)
1,543 
(137)
(26)
45 
1,425 
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund
(1,083)
89 
40 
(21)
(975)
Shareholders' share:
         
 
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)
460 
(48)
14 
24 
450 
 
Related tax
(117)
18 
(3)
(6)
(108)
Net of shareholders' tax
343 
(30)
11 
18 
342 
Effect of IFRIC 14
         
Derecognition of surplus and set up of additional funding obligation
(1,607)
119 
239 
 - 
(1,249)
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund
1,124 
(81)
(166)
 - 
877 
Shareholders' share:  
         
 
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)
(483)
38 
73 
(372)
 
Related tax
123 
(16)
(18)
 - 
89 
 
Net of shareholders' tax
(360)
22 
55 
(283)
With the effect of IFRIC 14
         
Deficit (surplus)
(64)
(18)
213 
45 
176 
Less: amount attributable to PAC with-profits fund
41 
(126)
(21)
(98)
Shareholders' share:
         
 
Gross of tax surplus (deficit)
(23)
(10)
87 
24 
78 
 
Related tax
(21)
(6)
(19)
 
Net of shareholders' tax
(17)
(8)
66 
18 
59 
 
Notes
 
(a)     The components of the credit (charge) to operating results (comprising amounts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund and shareholder-backed operations) are as follows:
 
   
Half year
2012
Half year
2011
Full year
2011
   
£m 
£m
£m 
Current service cost
(17)
(19)
(35)
Past service cost:
     
 
RPI to CPI inflation measure change in 2011note (i)
282 
282 
 
Exceptional discretionary pension increase for PSPS in 2012note (i)
(106)
Finance (expense) income:
     
 
Interest on pension scheme liabilities
(132)
(153)
(299)
 
Expected return on assets
118 
156 
308 
Total (charge) credit  without the effect IFRIC 14
(137)
266 
256 
Effect of IFRIC 14 for pension schemes
119 
(220)
(229)
Total (charge) credit after the effect of IFRIC 14 as shown above relating to the Group's operating profit based on longer-term investment returns  note (ii)
(18)
46 
27 
 
Notes
(i) 
   Past service cost
      - RPI/CPI inflation measure change in 2011
 
  During 2011 the Group altered its inflation measure basis for future statutory increases to pension payments for certain tranches of its UK defined benefit pension schemes. This reflected the UK Government's decision to replace
  the basis of indexation from RPI with CPI.
 
  The £282 million credit in 2011 shown above comprised £216 million for PSPS and £66 million for other schemes. As noted earlier, the PSPS scheme surplus was not recognised for accounting purposes due to the application of
  IFRIC 14. The £66 million for other schemes (as shown in the table below) was allocated as £24 million to PAC with-profits fund and £42 million to shareholders referred to in note C.
     
      - Exceptional discretionary pension increase for PSPS in 2012
 
      During the first half of 2012, the Group awarded an exceptional discretionary increase to pensions in payment of PSPS, which resulted in a past service cost of £106 million. As the PSPS scheme surplus is substantially not
      recognised for accounting purposes, this past service cost has no impact on the Group's results.
 
 
(ii)  The net (charge) credit to operating profit (comprising amounts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund and shareholder-backed operations) of £(18) million (half year 2011: £46 million; full year 2011: £27 million) is made up the following:
 
 
Half year
2012
Half year
2011
Full year
2011
 
£m 
£m
£m 
Underlying IAS 19 charge for other pension schemes
(8)
(9)
(17)
Cash costs for PSPS
(10)
(10)
(20)
Unwind of discount on opening provision for deficit funding for PSPS
(1)
(2)
Negative past service cost - RPI to CPI inflation measure change in 2011 (note (i) to table above)
66 
66 
 
(18)
46 
27 
 
Consistent with the derecognition of a substantial portion of the Company's interest in the underlying IAS 19 surplus of PSPS, the charge to operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for PSPS reflects the cash cost of contributions for ongoing service of active members. In addition, the charge to the operating results also includes a charge for the unwind of discount on the opening provision for deficit funding for PSPS.
 
 
(b)     The components of the credit (charge) for actuarial and other gains and losses (comprising amounts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund and shareholder-backed operations) are as follows:
 
 
Half year
2012
Half year
2011
Full year
2011
 
£m 
£m
£m 
Actual less expected return on assets
(32)
65 
982 
Gains (losses) on changes of assumptions for plan liabilities
10 
69 
(414)
Experience (losses) gains on liabilities
(4)
(5)
314 
Total (charge) credit without the effect of IFRIC 14
(26)
129 
882 
Effect of IFRIC 14 for pension schemes
239 
(141)
(846)
Actuarial and other gains and losses after the effect of IFRIC 14
213 
(12)
36 
 
The net credit (charge) for actuarial and other gains and losses is recorded within the income statement but, within the segmental analysis of profit, the shareholders' share of actuarial and other gains and losses (i.e. net of allocation of the share to the PAC with-profits funds) is excluded from operating profit based on longer-term investment returns.
 
The half year 2012 actuarial and other gains of £213 million (comprising amounts attributable to PAC with-profits fund and shareholder-backed operations and before the application of IFRIC 14) primarily reflects the positive impact of inflation rate movements in the period, offset by lower discount rates as interest rate falls, and partial recognition of actuarial surplus in PSPS described below.
 
Consistent with the derecognition of a substantial portion of the Company's interest in the underlying IAS 19 surplus of PSPS under IFRIC 14, the actuarial gains and losses of PSPS is not included in the £213 million above. Rather, for half year 2012, a £51 million credit was included in the actuarial and other gains for the effect of the partial recognition of PSPS' surplus. This credit arises from altered funding arrangement following the finalisation of the 5 April 2011 triennial valuation.
 
 
 
(c)     On the 'economic basis', after including the underlying assets represented by the investments in Prudential insurance policies as scheme assets, the underlying statements of financial position of the schemes were:
 
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£m
£m
£m
Equities
512 
513 
483 
Bonds
5,852 
4,491 
5,954 
Properties
327 
345 
317 
Cash-like investments
485 
805 
409 
Total value of assets
7,176 
6,154 
7,163 
Present value of benefit obligations
(5,751)
(5,400)
(5,620)
   
1,425 
754 
1,543 
Effect of the application of IFRIC 14 for pension schemes:
     
 
Derecognition of PSPS surplus
(1,247)
(858)
(1,588)
 
Adjust for additional funding for PSPS
(2)
(35)
(19)
Pre-tax surplus (deficit)
176 
(139)
(64)
 
iii     Sensitivity of the pension scheme liabilities to key variables
 
The total underlying Group pension scheme liabilities of £5,751 million (30 June 2011: £5,400 million; 31 December 2011: £5,620 million) comprise £5,007 million (30 June 2011: £4,612 million; 31 December 2011: £4,844 million) for PSPS and £744 million (30 June 2011: £788 million; 31 December 2011: £776 million) for the other schemes. The table below shows the sensitivity of the underlying PSPS and the other scheme liabilities at 30 June 2012, 30 June 2011 and 31 December 2011 to changes in discount rate, inflation rates and mortality rates.
 
30 June 2012
Assumption
Change in assumption
Impact on scheme liabilities on IAS 19 basis
 
Discount rate
Decrease by 0.2% from 4.6% to 4.4%
Increase in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
3.0%
     
Other schemes
4.8%
Discount rate
Increase by 0.2% from 4.6% to 4.8%
Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
2.9%
     
Other schemes
4.5%
Rate of inflation
RPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 2.6% to 2.4%
Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
 
 
CPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 1.6% to 1.4%
 
PSPS
1.5%
 
with consequent reduction in salary increases
 
Other schemes
4.3%
         
Mortality rate
Increase life expectancy by 1 year
Increase in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
2.7%
     
Other schemes
2.3%
 
30 June 2011
Assumption
Change in assumption
Impact on scheme liabilities on IAS 19 basis
 
Discount rate
Decrease by 0.2% from 5.6% to 5.4%
Increase in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
3.5%
     
Other schemes
5.0%
Discount rate
Increase by 0.2% from 5.6% to 5.8%
Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
3.3%
     
Other schemes
4.6%
Rate of inflation
RPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 3.7% to 3.5%
Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
 
 
CPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 2.7% to 2.5%
 
PSPS
1.1%
 
with consequent reduction in salary increases
 
Other schemes
4.7%
         
Mortality rate
Increase life expectancy by 1 year
Increase in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
2.1%
     
Other schemes
2.6%
 
31 December 2011
Assumption
Change in assumption
Impact on scheme liabilities on IAS 19 basis
 
Discount rate
Decrease by 0.2% from 4.7% to 4.5%
Increase in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
3.3%
     
Other schemes
4.8%
Discount rate
Increase by 0.2% from 4.7% to 4.9%
Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
3.1%
     
Other schemes
4.5%
Rate of inflation
RPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 2.9% to 2.7%
Decrease in scheme liabilities by:
 
 
CPI: Decrease by 0.2% from 1.9% to 1.7%
 
PSPS
0.6%
 
with consequent reduction in salary increases
 
Other schemes
4.1%
         
Mortality rate
Increase life expectancy by 1 year
Increase in scheme liabilities by:
 
     
PSPS
2.7%
     
Other schemes
2.4%
 
The sensitivity of the underlying pension scheme liabilities to changes in discount, inflation and mortality rates as shown above does not directly equate to an impact on the profit or loss attributable to shareholders or shareholders' equity due to the effect of the application of IFRIC 14 on PSPS and the allocation of a share of the interest in financial position of the PSPS and Scottish Amicable schemes to the PAC with-profits fund as described above.
 
The sensitivity to the changes in the key variables as shown in the table above has no significant impact on the pension costs included in the Group's operating results. This is due to the pension costs charged in each of the periods presented being derived largely from market conditions at the beginning of the period. After applying IFRIC 14 and to the extent attributable to shareholders, any residual impact from the changes to these variables is reflected as actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit pension schemes within the supplementary analysis of profits. The relevance of this is described further below.
 
For PSPS, a substantial portion of the underlying surplus of the scheme to the amount of £1,355 million (30 June 2011: the whole surplus of £858 million; 31 December 2011: the whole surplus of £1,588 million) has not been recognised under IFRIC 14. Changes to the underlying scheme liabilities as a result of assumption changes are used to reduce this unrecognised surplus before there is an impact on the Group's results and financial position. As such, based on the underlying financial position of PSPS as at 30 June 2012, none of the changes to the underlying scheme liabilities for the changes in the variables shown in the table above have had an impact on the Group's half year 2012 results and financial position.
 
In the event that a change in the PSPS scheme liabilities results in a deficit position for the scheme which is recognisable, the deficit recognised affects the Group's results and financial position only to the extent of the amounts attributable to shareholder operations. The amounts attributable to the PAC with-profits fund are absorbed by the liability for unallocated surplus and have no direct effect on the profit or loss attributable to shareholders or shareholders' equity.
 
The deficit of the Scottish Amicable pension scheme has been allocated approximately 50 per cent to the PAC with-profits fund and 50 per cent to the shareholders. Accordingly, half of the changes to its scheme liabilities, which at 30 June 2012 were £516 million (30 June 2011: £540 million; 31 December 2011: £527 million), for the changes in the variables shown in the table above would have had an impact on the Group's shareholder results and financial position.
 
 
 Y
     Policyholder liabilities
 
Analysis of movement in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
 
Group insurance operations
 
   
Insurance operations
   
UK
US
Asia
Total
Half year 2012 movements
£m
£m
£m
£m
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
127,024 
69,189 
30,862 
227,075 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
9,165 
50 
9,215 
At 1 January 2012
136,189 
69,189 
30,912 
236,290 
Premiums
4,062 
7,303 
2,641 
14,006 
Surrenders
(2,378)
(2,083)
(1,252)
(5,713)
Maturities/Deaths
(3,819)
(451)
(294)
(4,564)
Net flows
(2,135)
4,769 
1,095 
3,729 
Shareholders' transfers post tax
(110)
(15)
(125)
Investment-related items and other movements
4,276 
1,906 
1,055 
7,237 
Foreign exchange translation differences
(83)
(600)
(227)
(910)
At 30 June 2012
138,137 
75,264 
32,820 
246,221 
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
128,387 
75,264 
32,768 
236,419 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
9,750 
52 
9,802 
         
Half year 2011 movements
       
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
125,530 
60,523 
28,674 
214,727 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
10,187 
66 
10,253 
At 1 January 2011
135,717 
60,523 
28,740 
224,980 
Premiums
3,871 
6,805 
2,395 
13,071 
Surrenders
(2,301)
(2,153)
(1,119)
(5,573)
Maturities/Deaths
(3,571)
(436)
(341)
(4,348)
Net flows
(2,001)
4,216 
935 
3,150 
Shareholders' transfers post tax
(113)
(14)
(127)
Investment-related items and other movements
3,632 
1,429 
634 
5,695 
Foreign exchange translation differences
120 
(1,461)
(53)
(1,394)
At 30 June 2011
137,355 
64,707 
30,242 
232,304 
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
126,544 
64,707 
30,181 
221,432 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
10,811 
61 
10,872 
Average policyholder liability balances*
       
 
Half year 2012
127,705 
72,227 
31,815 
231,747 
 
Half year 2011
126,037 
62,615 
29,428 
218,080 
* Averages have been based on opening and closing balances and exclude the unallocated surplus of the with-profits funds.
 
The items above represent the amount attributable to changes in policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds as a result of each of the components listed.
 
Premiums, surrenders and maturities/deaths represent the amounts impacting policyholder liabilities and are not intended to represent the total cash paid/received (for example, premiums are net of any deductions to cover acquisition costs and claims represents the policyholder liabilities released).
 
UK insurance operations
A reconciliation of the total policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds of UK insurance operations is as follows:
 
     
Other shareholder-backed funds and subsidiaries
 
   
SAIF and PAC with-profits sub-fund
Unit-linked  liabilities
Annuity and other long-term business
Total
Half year 2012 movements
£m
£m
£m
£m
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
80,976 
21,281 
24,767 
127,024 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
9,165 
9,165 
At 1 January 2012
90,141 
21,281 
24,767 
136,189 
Premiums
2,044 
1,064 
954 
4,062 
Surrenders
(1,071)
(1,247)
(60)
(2,378)
Maturities/Deaths
(2,649)
(314)
(856)
(3,819)
Net flows note (a)
(1,676)
(497)
38 
(2,135)
Shareholders' transfers post tax
(110)
(110)
Switches
(131)
131 
Investment-related items and other movements note (b)
2,900 
343 
1,033 
4,276 
Foreign exchange translation differences
(83)
(83)
At 30 June 2012
91,041 
21,258 
25,838 
138,137 
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
81,291 
21,258 
25,838 
128,387 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
9,750 
9,750 
           
Half year 2011 movements
       
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
81,586 
21,671 
22,273 
125,530 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
10,187 
10,187 
At 1 January 2011
91,773 
21,671 
22,273 
135,717 
Premiums
1,693 
1,261 
917 
3,871 
Surrenders
(1,216)
(1,085)
(2,301)
Maturities/Deaths
(2,473)
(322)
(776)
(3,571)
Net flows note (a)
(1,996)
(146)
141 
(2,001)
Shareholders' transfers post tax
(113)
(113)
Switches
(113)
113 
Investment-related items and other movements note (b)
2,527 
666 
439 
3,632 
Foreign exchange translation differences
120 
120 
At 30 June 2011
92,198 
22,304 
22,853 
137,355 
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
81,387 
22,304 
22,853 
126,544 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
10,811 
10,811 
Average policyholder liability balances*
       
 
Half year 2012
81,134 
21,269 
25,302 
127,705 
 
Half year 2011
81,487 
21,987 
22,563 
126,037 
           
*Averages have been based on opening and closing balances and exclude the unallocated surplus of the with-profits funds.
 
 
Notes
 
(a)     Net outflows increased from £2.0 billion in the first half of 2011 to £2.1 billion for the same period in 2012. An improvement in the net outflows of the with-profits business, following increased sales of with-profits bonds in the
          period, has been more than offset by an increase in outflows in the unit-linked business. The levels of inflows/outflows for unit-linked business is driven by the activity of corporate pension schemes with transfers in or out
          from only one or two schemes influencing the level of flows in the period. The net flows of negative £497 million in unit-linked business was a result of lower single premiums in and higher transfers out of the All Stocks
          Corporate Bonds fund.
 
(b)     Investment-related items and other movements of £4.3 billion across fund types reflected the continued strong performance of UK equity markets in 2012, as well as investment gains from debt securities.
US insurance operations
         
   
Variable 
 annuity 
 separate 
 account 
 liabilities
Fixed annuity, 
 GIC and other 
 business
Total
Half year 2012 movements
£m 
£m 
£m 
At 1 January 2012
37,833 
31,356 
69,189 
Premiums  
5,060 
2,243 
7,303 
Surrenders
(1,024)
(1,059)
(2,083)
Maturities/Deaths
(194)
(257)
(451)
Net flows note (b)
3,842 
927 
4,769 
Transfers from general to separate account
708 
(708)
Investment-related items and other movements note (c)
1,557 
349 
1,906 
Foreign exchange translation differences note (a)
(315)
(285)
(600)
At 30 June 2012
43,625 
31,639 
75,264 
         
Half year 2011 movements
     
At 1 January 2011
31,203 
29,320 
60,523 
Premiums  
5,015 
1,790 
6,805 
Surrenders
(974)
(1,179)
(2,153)
Maturities/Deaths
(148)
(288)
(436)
Net flows note (b)
3,893 
323 
4,216 
Transfers from general to separate account
541 
(541)
Investment-related items and other movements note (c)
1,103 
326 
1,429 
Foreign exchange translation differences  
(735)
(726)
(1,461)
At 30 June 2011
36,005 
28,702 
64,707 
Average policyholder liability balances*
     
 
Half year 2012
40,729 
31,498 
72,227 
 
Half year 2011
33,604 
29,011 
62,615 
 
*Averages have been based on opening and closing balances.
 
 
 
Notes
 
(a)     Movements in the period have been translated at an average rate of $1.58/£1.00 (30 June 2011: $1.62/£1.00). The closing balances have been translated at closing rate of $1.57/£1.00 (30 June 2011: $1.61/£1.00). Differences upon
          retranslation are included in foreign exchange translation differences.
 
(b)     Net flows have increased by £553 million from £4,216 million in the first half of 2011 to £4,769 million in the first half of 2012. The increase was largely driven by increased new business volumes for fixed annuity and GIC
          business. The flows in the fixed annuity, GIC and other business column include flows from non-VA business as well as the flows in relation to investments into the general account from the variable annuities where
          policyholders have selected this basis.
 
(c)     Positive investment-related items and other movements in variable annuity separate account liabilities of £1.6 billion for the first six months ended 2012 reflects the increase in the US equity market during the period. Fixed
          annuity, GIC and other business investment and other movements primarily reflects the interest credited to policyholder account in the period.
 
 
 
Asia insurance operations
 
   
With-profits 
 business 
Unit-linked 
 liabilities 
Other 
Total 
Half year 2012 movements
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
12,593 
12,015 
6,254 
30,862 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
50 
50 
At 1 January 2012
12,643 
12,015 
6,254 
30,912 
Premiums  
       
 
New business  
110 
638 
297 
1,045 
 
In-force
593 
617 
386 
1,596 
   
703 
1,255 
683 
2,641 
Surrendersnote (c)
(303)
(819)
(130)
(1,252)
Maturities/Deaths
(196)
(16)
(82)
(294)
Net flows note (b)
204 
420 
471 
1,095 
Shareholders' transfers post tax
(15)
(15)
Investment-related items and other movements note (d)
558 
325 
172 
1,055 
Foreign exchange translation differences note (a)
(167)
(66)
(227)
At 30 June 2012
13,396 
12,593 
6,831 
32,820 
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
13,344 
12,593 
6,831 
32,768 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
52 
52 
           
Half year 2011 movements
       
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
10,958 
12,724 
4,992 
28,674 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
66 
66 
At 1 January 2011
11,024 
12,724 
4,992 
28,740 
Premiums  
       
 
New business  
90 
553 
305 
948 
 
In-force
506 
578 
363 
1,447 
   
596 
1,131 
668 
2,395 
Surrendersnote (c)
(215)
(799)
(105)
(1,119)
Maturities/Deaths
(249)
(16)
(76)
(341)
Net flows note (b)
132 
316 
487 
935 
Shareholders' transfers post tax
(14)
(14)
Investment-related items and other movements note (d)
449 
110 
75 
634 
Foreign exchange translation differencesnote (a)
(61)
72 
(64)
(53)
At 30 June 2011
11,530 
13,222 
5,490 
30,242 
Comprising:
       
 
- Policyholder liabilities
11,469 
13,222 
5,490 
30,181 
 
- Unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
61 
61 
Average policyholder liability balances*
       
 
Half year 2012
12,969 
12,304 
6,542 
31,815 
 
Half year 2011
11,214 
12,973 
5,241 
29,428 
   
 
*    Averages have been based on opening and closing balances and exclude unallocated surplus of the with-profits funds. There were no corporate transactions in both periods that had an impact on the averages.
 
 
 
Notes
 
(a)     Movements in the period have been translated at the average exchange rate for the six months ended 30 June 2012. The closing balance has been translated at the closing spot rates as at 30 June 2012. Differences upon
          retranslation are included in foreign exchange translation differences.
 
(b)     Net flows have increased by £160 million from £935 million in 2011 to £1,095 million in 2012 primarily reflecting increased flows from new business and growth in the in-force books.
 
(c)     The rate of surrenders for shareholder-backed business (expressed as a percentage of opening liabilities) was 5.2 per cent in the first half of 2012 which is broadly in line with 5.1 per cent in the first half of 2011. For with-profits
          business, surrenders have increased from £215 million in 2011 to £303 million in 2012, primarily as a result of certain products in Hong Kong reaching their five year anniversary, the point at which some product features trigger.
 
(d)     Positive investment-related items and other movements of £1,055 million in half year 2012 primarily reflects improvements in the Asian equity market, together with positive movements within the with-profits funds including
          positive returns in Hong Kong and Singapore.
 
 
 
Z     Share capital, share premium and own shares
 
   
Number of ordinary shares
Share capital
Share premium
     
£m
£m
Issued shares of 5p each fully paid:
     
At 1 January 2011
2,545,594,506 
127 
1,856 
Shares issued under share option schemes
2,122,869 
-
15 
At 30 June 2011
2,547,717,375 
127 
1,871 
         
At 1 January 2011
2,545,594,506 
127 
1,856 
Shares issued under share option schemes
2,444,824 
-
17 
At 31 December 2011
2,548,039,330 
127 
1,873 
         
Issued shares of 5p each fully paid:
     
At 1 January 2012
2,548,039,330 
127 
1,873 
Shares issued under share option schemes
8,209,568 
-
14 
At 30 June 2012
2,556,248,898 
127 
1,887 
         
 
Amounts recorded in share capital represent the nominal value of the shares issued. The difference between the proceeds received on issue of shares, net of issue costs, and the nominal value of shares issued is credited to the share premium account.
 
At 30 June 2012, there were options outstanding under Save As You Earn schemes to subscribe for shares as follows:
 
         
   
Share price range
 
 
Number of shares
to subscribe for
from
     
 to
Exercisable
 by year
30 June 2012
8,181,704 
288p
572p
2017 
30 June 2011
12,027,702 
288p
572p
2016 
31 December 2011
13,329,709 
288p
572p
2017 
 
Transactions by Prudential plc and its subsidiaries in Prudential plc shares
The Group buys and sells Prudential plc (own shares) either in relation to its share schemes or via transactions undertaken by authorised investment funds that the Group is deemed to control. Further information about these transactions is set out below.
 
The cost of own shares of £101 million as at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: £82 million; 31 December 2011: £109 million) is deducted from retained earnings. The Company has established trusts to facilitate the delivery of shares under employee incentive plans and savings-related share option schemes. At 30 June 2012, 6.5 million (30 June 2011: 5.2 million; 31 December 2011: 8.1 million) Prudential plc shares with a market value of £49 million (30 June 2011: £38 million;  31 December 2011: £52 million) were held in such trusts. Of this total, 6.5 million (30 June 2011: 5.1 million; 31 December 2011: 8.0 million) shares were held in trusts under employee incentive plans.
 
In half year 2012, the Company purchased the following number of shares in respect of employee incentive plans.
 
 
Number of shares purchased*
Cost
 
(in millions)
£m 
Half year 2012
5.8 
44.2 
Half year 2011
3.2 
15.5 
Full year 2011
8.2 
54.7 
 
*The maximum number of shares held during half year 2012 was 8.1 million which was at the beginning of the period.
 
Of the total shares held in trust 0.1 million (30 June 2011: 0.1 million; 31 December 2011: 0.1 million) were held by a qualifying employee share ownership trust. These shares are expected to be fully distributed in the future on maturity of savings-related share option schemes.
 
The Group has consolidated a number of authorised investment funds where it is deemed to control these funds under IFRS. Some of these funds hold shares in Prudential plc. The total number of shares held by these funds at 30 June 2012 was 8.3 million (30 June 2011: 9.2 million; 31 December 2011: 8.6 million) and the cost of acquiring these shares of £50 million (30 June 2011: £45 million; 31 December 2011: £52 million) is included in the cost of own shares. The market value of these shares as at 30 June 2012 was £56 million (30 June 2011: £66 million; 31 December 2011: £54 million).
 
During half year 2012 these funds made net disposals of 357,340 Prudential shares (30 June 2011: 554,285; 31 December 2011: 1,171,635) for a net decrease of £2.6 million to book cost (30 June 2011: net decrease of £2 million; 31 December 2011: net increase of £4.8 million).
               
All share transactions were made on an exchange other than the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong.
 
Other than set out above the Group did not purchase, sell or redeem any Prudential plc listed securities during half year 2012 or 2011.
 
 
AA  Acquisition of subsidiaries
 
 
Acquisition of Reassure America Life Insurance Company (REALIC)
On 30 May 2012, Jackson National Life Insurance Company (JNLI), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential plc, entered into an agreement to buy SRLC America Holding Corp. (SRLC), a life insurance business, from Swiss Re. The primary operating subsidiary of SRLC is REALIC. Swiss Re will retain a portion of the SRLC business through reinsurance arrangements to be undertaken prior to closing. JNLI will pay US$621 million (£398 million) in cash for the business financed from its own resources. The price is subject to adjustment to reflect the actual value of SRLC according to its balance sheet at closing. This adjustment is not expected to exceed £60 million. The transaction is subject to regulatory approval and is expected to close in the third quarter of 2012. The acquisition-related costs incurred in the period have been expensed in half year 2012.
 
 
AB  Associates and joint ventures
 
The Group had two associates at 30 June 2012 (30 June 2011: two; 31 December 2011: one) that were accounted for under the equity method. The Group's associates at 30 June 2012 are a 25 per cent interest in PruHealth Holdings Limited and a 47 per cent interest in PPM South Africa, following the dilution of the Group's holding in the period (see Note G). At 30 June 2011, in addition to PruHealth, the Group had a 30 per cent interest in The Nam Khang, a Vietnamese property developer which was disposed of in the second half of 2011. The Group's share of the profit and loss of these associates during the period was a profit of £6 million (half year 2011: a loss of £1 million; full year 2011: a loss of £3 million). This is reflected in the Group's profit after tax attributable to equity holders during the period.
 
The Group owns a number of joint ventures. Joint ventures represent activities over which the Group exercises joint control through contractual agreement with one or more parties. The Group's significant joint ventures, which are accounted for using proportionate consolidation, comprise various joint ventures relating to property investments where the Group has a 50 per cent interest as well as the following interests:
 
Investment
% held
Principal activity
Country
CITIC Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited
50 
Life assurance
China
CITIC-Prudential Fund Management Company Limited
49 
Asset management
China
ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Limited
49 
Asset management
India
Prudential BSN Takaful Berhad
49 
General and life insurance
Malaysia
BOCI-Prudential Asset Management Limited
36 
Asset management
China
ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited
26 
Life assurance
India
 
Joint ventures contributed £51 million (30 June 2011: £20 million; 31 December 2011: £54 million) to profit after tax attributable to equity holders during the period. The period-on-period movements in these joint ventures' contributions reflect primarily the growth in their operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and the increase in short-term fluctuations in investment returns by these joint ventures.
 
Further, in June 2012, the PAC with-profits fund, via its venture fund holdings and as part of its investment portfolio, entered into a joint venture to acquire control of Veolia Water RegCo, the UK regulated water business of Veolia Environnement S.A. This joint venture investment is carried at fair value through profit and loss in the Group's financial statements, as permitted under IAS 28, 'Investments in associates and joint ventures'.
 
In addition to the above, the Group has associates that are carried at fair value through profit and loss, as allowed under IAS 28, that comprise investment in Open-Ended Investment Companies (OEICs), unit trusts, funds holding collateralised debt obligations, property unit trusts and venture capital investments of the PAC with-profits funds where the Group has significant influence.
 
 
 
AC  Related party transactions
 
The nature of the related party transactions of the Group has not changed from those described in the Group's consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011.
 
There were no transactions with related parties during the six months ended 30 June 2012 which have had a material effect on the results or financial position of the Group.
 
 
AD  Contingencies and related obligations
 
The Group is involved in various litigation and regulatory issues. Whilst the outcome of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty, Prudential believes that the ultimate outcome of such litigation and regulatory issues will not have a material adverse effect on the Group's financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
 
There have been no material changes to the Group's contingencies and related obligations in the six month period ended 30 June 2012.
 
 
AE  Post balance sheet events
 
 
The 2012 interim dividend approved by the Board of Directors after 30 June 2012 is as described in note M.
 
Details of the reduction in the UK corporation tax rate to 23 per cent which became substantively enacted after the balance sheet date on 3 July 2012 and the subsequent proposed phased rate change to 22 per cent are as described in note K. The changes to the rules relating to the taxation of life insurance comprises, which will be effective 1 January 2013 are also outlined in note K.
 
Statement of directors' responsibilities
 
The directors are responsible for preparing the Half Year Financial Report in accordance with applicable law and regulations.
 
Accordingly, the directors confirm that to the best of their knowledge:
 
 
-     the condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34, 'Interim Financial Reporting', as adopted by the European Union;
 -     the Half Year Financial Report includes a fair review of information required by:
 
 
(a)  DTR 4.2.7R of the Disclosure and Transparency Rules, being an indication of important events that have occurred during the six months ended 30 June 2012, and their impact on the condensed consolidated financial 
      statements, and a description of the principal risks and uncertainties for the remaining six months of the year; and
 
(b) DTR 4.2.8R of the Disclosure and Transparency Rules, being related party transactions that have taken place during the six months ended 30 June 2012 and that have materially affected the financial position or the performance
      of the Group during the period and changes in the related party transactions described in the Group's consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011.
 
The current directors of Prudential plc are as listed in the Group's 2011 Annual Report. Subsequent to the Annual Report, on 28 May 2012, the Group announced the appointment of Paul Manduca as Chairman. Mr Manduca assumed the position on 2 July 2012, succeeding Harvey McGrath who retired from the Board on 2 July 2012. 
 
Independent Review Report to Prudential Plc
 
Introduction
 
We have been engaged by the Company to review the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) basis financial information in the Half Year Financial Report for the six months ended 30 June 2012 which comprises the Condensed Consolidated Income Statement, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and the related explanatory notes.
 
We have also been engaged by the Company to review the European Embedded Value (EEV) basis supplementary financial information for the six months ended 30 June 2012 which comprises the Operating Profit Based on Longer-Term Investment Returns, the Summary Consolidated Income Statement, the Movement in Shareholders' Equity, the Summary Statement of Financial Position and the related explanatory notes and Total Insurance and Investment Products New Business information.
 
We have read the other information contained in the Half Year Financial Report and considered whether it contains any apparent misstatements or material inconsistencies with the IFRS basis financial information or the EEV basis supplementary financial information.
 
This report is made solely to the Company in accordance with the terms of our engagement to assist the Company in meeting the requirements of the Disclosure and Transparency Rules ('the DTR') of the United Kingdom's Financial Services Authority ('the UK FSA') and also to provide a review conclusion to the Company on the EEV basis supplementary financial information. Our review of the IFRS basis financial information has been undertaken so that we might state to the Company those matters we are required to state to it in this report and for no other purpose. Our review of the EEV basis supplementary financial information has been undertaken so that we might state to the Company those matters we have been engaged to state in this report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company for our review work, for this report, or for the conclusions we have reached.
 
Directors' responsibilities
 
The Half Year Financial Report, including the IFRS basis financial information contained therein, is the responsibility of, and has been approved by, the directors. The directors are responsible for preparing the Half Year Financial Report in accordance with the DTR of the UK FSA. The directors have accepted responsibility for preparing the EEV basis supplementary financial information in accordance with the European Embedded Value Principles issued in May 2004 by the European CFO Forum ('the EEV Principles') and for determining the methodology and assumptions used in the application of those principles.
 
The annual IFRS basis financial statements of the Group are prepared in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the European Union ('EU'). The IFRS basis financial information included in this Half Year Financial Report has been prepared in accordance with IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting as adopted by the EU.
 
The EEV basis supplementary financial information has been prepared in accordance with the EEV principles using the methodology and assumptions set out in notes 1 and 16 to the EEV basis supplementary financial information. The EEV basis supplementary financial information should be read in conjunction with the IFRS basis financial information.
 
Our responsibility
 
Our responsibility is to express to the Company a conclusion on the IFRS basis financial information in the Half Year Financial Report and the EEV basis supplementary financial information based on our reviews, as set out in our engagement letter with you dated 29 July 2011.
 
Scope of review
 
We conducted our reviews in accordance with International Standard on Review Engagements (UK and Ireland) 2410 Review of Interim Financial Information Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity issued by the Auditing Practices Board for use in the UK. A review of interim financial information consists of making enquiries, primarily of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters, and applying analytical and other review procedures. A review is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland) and consequently does not enable us to obtain assurance that we would become aware of all significant matters that might be identified in an audit. Accordingly, we do not express an audit opinion.
 
Conclusion
 
Based on our review, nothing has come to our attention that causes us to believe that the IFRS basis financial information in the Half Year Financial Report for the six months ended 30 June 2012 is not prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with IAS 34 as adopted by the EU and the DTR of the UK FSA.
 
Based on our review, nothing has come to our attention that causes us to believe that the EEV basis supplementary financial information for the six months ended 30 June 2012 is not prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the EEV Principles, using the methodology and assumptions set out in notes 1 and 16 to the EEV basis supplementary financial information.
 
 
Rees Aronson
For and on behalf of KPMG Audit Plc
Chartered Accountants
London
9 August 2012
 
 
Additional Financial Information* (IFRS and New Business)
 
 
1     Analysis of long-term insurance business pre-tax IFRS operating profit based on longer-term investment returns by driver
 
This schedule classifies the Group's pre-tax operating earnings from long-term insurance operations into the underlying drivers of those profits, using the following categories:
 
 
i        Spread income represents the difference between net investment income (or premium income in the case of the UK annuities new business) and amounts credited to policyholder accounts. It excludes the longer-term investment
          return on assets in excess of those covering shareholder-backed policyholder liabilities, which has been separately disclosed as expected return on shareholder assets.
 
 
ii       Fee income represents profits driven by net investment performance, being asset management fees that vary with the size of the underlying policyholder funds net of investment management expenses.
 
 
iii     With-profits business represents the shareholders' transfer from the with-profits fund in the period.
 
 
iv      Insurance margin primarily represents profits derived from the insurance risks of mortality, morbidity and persistency.
 
 
v        Margin on revenues primarily represents amounts deducted from premiums to cover acquisition costs and administration expenses.
 
 
vi      Acquisition costs and administration expenses represent expenses incurred in the period attributable to shareholders. It excludes items such as restructuring costs and Solvency II costs which are not included in the segment
         profit for insurance as well as items that are more appropriately included in other source of earnings lines (eg investment expenses are netted off investment income as part of spread income or fee income as appropriate).
 
 
vii     DAC adjustments comprises DAC amortisation for the period, excluding amounts related to short-term fluctuations, net of costs deferred in respect of new business.
 
 
             
Analysis of pre-tax IFRS operating profit by source  
         
   
Half year 2012
   
Asia 
US 
UK 
Unallocated 
Total 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Spread income
55 
349 
132 
 - 
536 
Fee income  
66 
408 
35 
 - 
509 
With-profits
18 
146 
 - 
164 
Insurance margin
256 
153 
11 
 - 
420 
Margin on revenues
636 
 - 
68 
 - 
704 
Expenses
         
 
Acquisition costs
(428)
(480)
(64)
 - 
(972)
 
Administration expenses  
(250)
(242)
(63)
 - 
(555)
 
DAC adjustmentsnote (i)
33 
219 
(4)
 - 
248 
Expected return on shareholder assets
20 
35 
75 
 - 
130 
Long-term business operating profit
 406 
 442 
 336 
 - 
 1,184 
Asset management operating profit
34 
17 
199 
 - 
250 
GI commission
 - 
 - 
17 
 - 
17 
Other income and expenditure note (iii)
 - 
 - 
 - 
(289)
(289)
Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
440 
459 
552 
(289)
1,162 
             
 
*The additional financial information is not covered by the KPMG independent review opinion.
 
             
   
Half year 2011
note (ii)
   
Asia 
US 
UK 
Unallocated 
Total 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Spread income
46 
365 
122 
 - 
533 
Fee income
67 
327 
29 
 - 
423 
With-profits
17 
154 
 - 
171 
Insurance margin
225 
113 
 - 
345 
Margin on revenues
560 
78 
 - 
638 
Expenses
         
 
Acquisition costs
(349)
(485)
(66)
 - 
(900)
 
Administration expenses  
(242)
(195)
(60)
 - 
(497)
 
DAC adjustmentsnote (i)
(13)
164 
(1)
 - 
150 
Expected return on shareholder assets
11 
51 
69 
 - 
131 
Long-term business operating profit
322 
340 
332 
994 
Asset management operating profit
43 
17 
199 
 - 
259 
GI commission
 - 
 - 
 21 
 - 
21 
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit schemes
 - 
 - 
 - 
 42 
42 
Other income and expenditurenote (iii)
 - 
 - 
 - 
(288)
(288)
Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
365 
357 
552 
(246)
1,028 
             
 
   
Full year 2011
   
Asia 
US 
UK 
Unallocated 
Total 
   
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Spread income
88 
730 
247 
-
1,065 
Fee income  
131 
680 
59 
-
870 
With-profits
38 
293 
-
331 
Insurance margin
477 
232 
27 
-
736 
Margin on revenues
1,199 
-
226 
-
1,425 
Expenses
         
 
Acquisition costs
(766)
(890)
(127)
-
(1,783)
 
Administration expenses  
(503)
(412)
(128)
-
(1,043)
 
DAC adjustmentsnote (i)
14 
228 
(5)
-
237 
Expected return on shareholder assets
26 
83 
91 
-
200 
Long-term business operating profit
 704 
 651 
 683 
-
2,038 
Asset management operating profit
80 
24 
357 
-
461 
GI commission
-
-
40 
-
40 
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit schemes
-
-
-
 42 
42 
Other income and expenditurenote (iii)
-
-
-
(554)
(554)
Total operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
784 
675 
1,080 
(512)
2,027 
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      DAC adjustments have been adjusted for the retrospective application of the accounting policy improvement described in note B of the IFRS financial statements.
 
(ii)     Starting from full year 2011 and following the reduction in 2010 of the Group's interest in the PruHealth and PruProtect businesses from 50 per cent to 25 per cent, the profits of these businesses have been shown as a single line   in the insurance margin line consistent with associate accounting principles. Half year 2011 has been amended in light of this change.
 
(iii)    Including restructuring and Solvency II implementation costs.
 
 
 Margin
analysis of long-term insurance business
 
The following analysis expresses certain of the Group's sources of operating profit as a margin of policyholder liabilities or other suitable driver. The margin is on an annualised basis in which half year profits are annualised by multiplying by two. Details of the Group's average policyholder liability balances are given in note Y.
 
           
Total
           
   
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
note (v)
 
Full year 2011
     
Average  
     
Average  
     
Average  
 
   
Profit  
Liability
 note (iv)
Margin
note (iii)
 
Profit  
Liability 
note (iv)
Margin
note (iii)
 
Profit  
Liability 
note (iv)
Margin
note (iii)
Long-term business
£m 
£m 
bps 
 
£m 
£m 
bps 
 
£m 
£m 
bps 
                         
Spread income
536 
61,109 
175 
 
533 
55,687 
191 
 
1,065 
57,417 
185 
Fee income  
509 
74,795 
136 
 
423 
68,435 
124 
 
870 
68,298 
127 
With-profits
164 
94,103 
35 
 
171 
92,701 
37 
 
331 
93,056 
36 
Insurance margin
420 
     
345 
     
736 
   
Margin on revenues
704 
     
638 
     
1,425 
   
Expenses
                     
 
Acquisition costsnote (i)
(972)
2,030 
(48)%
 
(900)
1,824 
(49)%
 
(1,783)
3,681 
(48)%
 
Administration expenses
(555)
135,904 
(82)
 
(497)
124,122 
(80)
 
(1,043)
125,715 
(83)
 
DAC adjustmentsnote (ii)
248 
     
150 
     
237 
   
Expected return on shareholder assets
130 
     
131 
     
200 
   
Operating profit
1,184 
     
994 
     
2,038 
   
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      The ratio for acquisition costs is calculated as a percentage of APE including with-profits sales. Acquisition costs include only those relating to shareholders.
 
(ii)     DAC adjustments have adjusted for the retrospective application of the accounting policy improvement described in note B of the IFRS financial statements.
 
(iii)    Margin represents the operating return earned in the period as a proportion of the relevant class of policyholder liabilities excluding unallocated surplus. The margin is on an annualised basis in which half year profits are
         annualised by multiplying by two.
 
(iv)    For UK and Asia, opening and closing policyholder liabilities have been used to derive an average balance for the period, as this is seen as a good proxy for average balances throughout the period. The calculation of average
          liabilities for Jackson is derived from month-end balances throughout the period as opposed to opening and closing balances only, and liabilities held in the general account for variable annuity living and death guaranteed 
          benefits are excluded from the calculation of the average as no spread income is earned on these balances. These changes were introduced in full year 2011 and half year 2011 has been amended for consistency albeit impacts
          are minimal.
 
(v)     Starting from full year 2011 and following the reduction in 2010 of the Group's interest in the PruHealth and PruProtect businesses from 50 per cent to 25 per cent, the profits of these businesses have been shown as a single line 
          in the insurance margin line consistent with associate accounting principles. 2011 has been amended in light of this change.
 
 
 
           
Asia
           
   
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
 
Full year 2011
     
Average 
     
Average  
     
Average 
 
   
Profit 
Liability 
Margin 
 
Profit  
Liability 
Margin 
 
Profit 
Liability 
Margin 
Long-term business
£m 
£m 
bps 
 
£m 
£m 
bps 
 
£m 
£m 
bps 
                         
Spread income
55 
6,542 
168 
 
46 
5,241 
176 
 
88 
5,623 
157 
Fee income  
66 
12,304 
107 
 
67 
12,973 
103 
 
131 
12,370 
106 
With-profits
18 
12,969 
28 
 
17 
11,214 
30 
 
38 
11,775 
32 
Insurance margin
256 
     
225 
     
477 
   
Margin on revenues
636 
     
560 
     
1,199 
   
Expenses
                     
 
Acquisition costsnote (i)
(428)
899 
(48)%
 
(349)
743 
(47)%
 
(766)
1,660 
(46)%
 
Administration expenses
(250)
18,846 
(265)
 
(242)
18,214 
(266)
 
(503)
17,993 
(280)
 
DAC adjustmentsnote (ii)
33 
     
(13)
     
14 
   
Expected return on shareholder assets
20 
     
11 
     
26 
   
Operating profit
406 
     
322 
     
704 
   
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      The ratio for acquisition costs is calculated as a percentage of APE including with-profits sales. Acquisition costs include only those relating to shareholders.
 
(ii)     DAC adjustments have been adjusted for the retrospective application of the accounting policy improvement described in note B of the IFRS financial statements.
 
 
 
Analysis of Asian operating profit drivers
 
 
 
•        Spread income has increased by £9 million from £46 million in half year 2011 to £55 million in half year 2012, an increase of 19 per cent that predominantly reflects the growth of the Asian non-linked policyholder liabilities.
 
 
•        Fee income has marginally reduced from £67 million in half year 2011 to £66 million in half year 2012, broadly in line with the decrease in movement in average unit-linked liabilities, following the significant market falls in the 
         second half of 2011.
 
 
 
•        Insurance margin has increased by £31 million from £225 million in half year 2011 to £256 million in half year 2012 predominantly reflecting the continued growth of the in-force book, which contains a relatively high proportion
         of risk-based products. Insurance margin includes non-recurring items of £30 million (half year 2011: £25 million), reflecting assumption changes and other items that are not expected to reoccur in the future.
 
 
•        Margin on revenues has increased by £76 million from £560 million in half year 2011 to £636 million in half year 2012 reflecting the on-going growth in the size of the portfolio with increased premium recognised in the period. During the period the new business mix has moved towards those countries that levy higher premium charges. One-off items of negative £13 million are included in margin on revenues in half year 2012.
 
 
•        Acquisition costs have increased by 23 per cent from £349 million in half year 2011 to £428 million in half year 2012, compared to the 21 per cent increase in sales, resulting in a marginal increase in the acquisition cost ratio. The
         analysis above use shareholder acquisition costs as a proportion of total APE. If with-profits sales were excluded from the denominator the acquisition cost ratio would become 63 per cent (half year 2011: 60 per cent and full
         year 2011: 59 per cent). The small increase being the result of product mix changes, predominately in Hong Kong.
 
 
•        Administration expenses have increased marginally from £242 million to £250 million in half year 2012 as the business continues to expand. The administration expense ratio has reduced from 266 bps in half year 2011 to 265 bps
         in half year 2012.
 
 
•        Expected return on shareholder assets has increased to £20 million primarily due to higher shareholders assets and lower investment expenses in the period.
 
 
           
US
           
   
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
 
Full year 2011
     
Average 
     
Average 
     
Average 
 
   
Profit
Liability
note (iii)
Margin
 
Profit
Liability
note (iii)
Margin
 
Profit
Liability
note (iii)
Margin
Long-term business
£m
£m
bps
 
£m
£m
bps
 
£m
£m
bps
                         
Spread income
349 
29,265 
238 
 
365 
27,883 
262 
 
730 
28,274 
258 
Fee income
408 
41,222 
198 
 
327 
33,475 
195 
 
680 
34,452 
197 
With-profits
     
     
   
Insurance margin
153 
     
113 
     
232 
   
Margin on revenues
     
     
   
Expenses
                     
 
Acquisition costsnote (i)
(480)
719 
(67)%
 
(485)
672 
(72)%
 
(890)
1,275 
(70)%
 
Administration expenses
(242)
70,487 
(69)
 
(195)
61,358 
(64)
 
(412)
62,726 
(66)
 
DAC adjustmentsnote (ii)
219 
     
164 
     
228 
   
Expected return on shareholder assets
35 
     
51 
     
83 
   
Operating profit
442 
     
340 
     
651 
   
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      The ratio for acquisition costs is calculated as a percentage of APE.
 
(ii)     DAC adjustments have been adjusted for the retrospective application of the accounting policy improvement described in note B of the IFRS financial statements.
 
(iii)    The calculation of average liabilities for Jackson is derived from month-end balances throughout the period as opposed to opening and closing balances only, and liabilities held in the general account for variable annuity living 
          and death guaranteed benefits are excluded from the calculation of the average as no spread income is earned on these balances. These changes were introduced in full year 2011 and half year 2011 has been amended for
          consistency albeit impacts are minimal.
 
Analysis of US operating profit drivers:
 
 
•        Spread incomebenefited from £75 million in half year 2012 from the effect of transactions entered into during 2011 and 2010 to more closely match the overall asset and liability duration (half year 2011: £53 million and full year
          2011: £113 million). Excluding this effect, the spread margin would have been 187 bps (half year 2011: 224 bps and full year 2011: 218 bps). The reported spread margin decreased as a result of downward pressure on yields
          caused by the low interest rate environment, the effect of which was only partly mitigated by reductions in crediting rates.
 
 
•        Fee incomehas increased by 25 per cent to £408 million in half year 2012, compared to £327 million in half year 2011 as a result of the growth in separate account balances, primarily due to positive net flows from variable annuity
          business. Fee income margin has increased to 198 bps (half year 2011: 195 bps and full year 2011: 197 bps) reflecting the benefit of pricing action and changes to business mix. 
 
 
•        Insurance margin represents operating profits from insurance risks, including variable annuity guarantees and other sundry items. Positive net flows into variable annuity business with life contingent and other guarantee fees,
          coupled with the benefit in the period of repricing actions, have primarily resulted in an improvement in the margin from £113 million in half year 2011 to £153 million in half year 2012.
 
 
•        Acquisition costs,which are commissions and general expenses incurred to acquire new business, remained flat during the first half of 2012 compared to the first half of 2011. However, acquisition costs as a percentage of APE
         have decreased to 67 per cent for the first half of 2012, compared to 72 per cent for the first half of 2011, due to the continued increase in producers selecting asset based commission which is treated as an administrative expense
         in this analysis, rather than front end commissions.
 
 
•        Administration expenses increased to £242 million in half year 2012 compared to £195 million in half year 2011, primarily as a result of higher asset based commission paid on the larger 2012 separate account balance. Asset
         based commissions are paid upon policy anniversary dates and are treated as an administration expense in this analysis as opposed to a cost of acquisition and are offset by higher fee income. The administration cost was
         higher at 69 bps (half year 2011: 64 bps and full year 2011: 66 bps). Excluding these trail commission amounts, the resulting administration expense ratio would be 47 bps (half year 2011: 45 bps and full year 2011: 46 bps).
 
 
•        DAC adjustments increased to £219 million in the first half of 2012 compared to £164 million in the first half of 2011. 2011 was lowered by £66 million of accelerated DAC amortisation as a result of the reversal of the benefit
          received in 2008 from the mean reversion formula. Market movements in the period led to a deceleration of DAC amortisation of £25 million which was offset by higher amortisation as a result of higher gross profits in the first
          half of 2012. Following the adoption of the altered US GAAP principles for deferred acquisition costs, as described in note B of the IFRS financial statements, acquisition costs are no longer fully deferrable resulting in new
          business strain of £82 million (half year 2011: £80 million and full year 2011: £156 million).
 
 
 
 Analysis of pre-tax operating profit before and after acquisition costs and DAC adjustments
                     
   
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
     
Acquisition costs
     
Acquisition costs
 
   
Other operating profits
Incurred
Deferred
Total
 
Other operating profits
Incurred
Deferred
Total
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
Total operating profit before acquisition costs and DAC adjustments
703 
   
703 
 
661 
   
661 
Less New business strain
 
(480)
398 
(82)
   
(485)
405 
(80)
                     
Other DAC adjustments - amortisation of previously deferred acquisition costs
                 
 
Normal
   
(204)
(204)
     
(175)
(175)
 
Decelerated (accelerated)
   
25 
25 
     
(66)
(66)
Total
703 
(480)
219 
442 
 
661 
(485)
164 
340 
                     
   
Full year 2011
         
     
Acquisition costs
           
   
Other operating profits
Incurred
Deferred
Total
         
   
£m
£m
£m
£m
         
Total operating profit before acquisition costs and DAC adjustments
1,313 
   
1,313 
         
Less New business strain
 
(890)
734 
(156)
         
                     
Other DAC adjustments - amortisation of previously deferred acquisition costs
                 
 
Normal
   
(316)
(316)
         
 
Accelerated
   
(190)
(190)
         
Total
1,313 
(890)
228 
651 
         
 
           
UK
           
   
Half year 2012
 
Half year 2011
note (ii)
 
Full year 2011
     
Average 
     
Average  
     
Average  
 
   
Profit  
Liability 
Margin 
 
Profit  
Liability 
Margin 
 
Profit  
Liability 
Margin 
Long-term business
£m 
£m 
bps 
 
£m 
£m 
bps 
 
£m 
£m 
bps 
                         
Spread income
132 
25,302 
104 
 
122 
22,563 
108 
 
247 
23,520 
105 
Fee income
35 
21,269 
33 
 
29 
21,987 
26 
 
59 
21,476 
27 
With-profits
146 
81,134 
36 
 
154 
81,487 
38 
 
293 
81,281 
36 
Insurance margin
11 
     
     
27 
   
Margin on revenues
68 
     
78 
     
226 
   
Expenses
                     
 
Acquisition costsnote (i)
(64)
412 
(16)%
 
(66)
409 
(16)%
 
(127)
746 
(17)%
 
Administration expenses
(63)
46,571 
(27)
 
(60)
44,550 
(27)
 
(128)
44,996 
(28)
 
DAC adjustments
(4)
     
(1)
     
(5)
   
Expected return on shareholders' assets
75 
     
69 
     
91 
   
Operating profit
336 
     
332 
     
683 
   
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      The ratio for acquisition costs is calculated as a percentage of APE including with-profits sales. Acquisition costs include only those relating to shareholders.
 
(ii)     Starting from full year 2011 and following the reduction in 2010 of the Group's interest in the PruHealth and PruProtect businesses from 50 per cent to 25 per cent, the profits of these businesses have been shown as a single line
          in the insurance margin line consistent with associate accounting principles. Half year 2011 has been amended in light of this change.
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Spread income has increased from £122 million in half year 2011 to £132 million in half year 2012 principally due to increased new business profits from higher annuity sales. The margin has fallen slightly from 108 bps to 104 bps.
      Both periods benefited from similar levels of bulk annuity sales. 
 
 
 
       Fee income margin increased from 26 bps in half year 2011 to 33 bps in half year 2012, with half year 2011 being reduced by 4 bps  or £4m due to an adjustment relating to 2011 and prior years, to reflect compensation paid to
       policyholders for historic pricing issues.
 
 
       Margin on revenues represents premiums charges for expenses and other sundry net income received by the UK. Half year 2012 income was £68 million, lower than the £78 million recorded in half year 2011.
 
 
       Acquisition costs as a percentage of new business sales are in line with half year 2011 at 16 per cent.
 
 
          The ratio above expresses the percentage of shareholder acquisition costs as a percentage of total APE sales. It is therefore impacted by the level of with-profit sales in the year. Acquisition costs as a percentage of shareholder-
          backed new business sales were 33 per cent in half year 2012 (half year 2011: 31 per cent and full year 2011: 33 per cent).
 
 
       Administration expenses have increased by £3 million to £63 million primarily as a result of increased project expenditure. The administration expense ratio of 27 bps for 2012 is consistent with that recorded in the prior half year.
 
 
 
       Expected return on shareholder has increased from £69 million in half year 2011 to £75 million in half year 2012 principally due to higher IFRS shareholder funds.
 
2          Asia operations - analysis of IFRS operating profit by territory
 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns for Asia operations are analysed as follows:
 
         
   
Half year
2012
Half year
2011*
Full year
2011*
   
£m
£m
£m
Underlying operating profit
     
 
China
11 
 
Hong Kong
47 
31 
69 
 
India
28 
24 
47 
 
Indonesia
123 
95 
212 
 
Japan
 
Korea
17 
 
Malaysia  
60 
57 
104 
 
Philippines
 
Singapore
93 
72 
167 
 
Taiwan (bancassurance business)
(9)
 
Thailand
 
Vietnam
18 
16 
30 
 
Other
Non-recurrent itemsnote (ii)
17 
25 
38 
Total insurance operations note (i)
409 
324 
709 
Development expenses
(3)
(2)
(5)
Total long-term business operating profit  
406 
322 
704 
Eastspring Investments
34 
43 
80 
Total Asia operations  
440 
365 
784 
 
* The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      Analysis of operating profit between new and in-force business
   The result for insurance operations comprises amounts in respect of new business and business in force as follows:
 
 
Half year
2012
Half year
2011*
Full year
2011*
 
£m
£m
£m
New business strain
(40)
(41)
(70)
Business in force
449 
365 
779 
Total
409 
324 
709 
 
The IFRS new business strain corresponds to approximately 4 per cent of new business APE premiums for half year 2012 (half year 2011: approximately 6 per cent; full year 2011: approximately 4 per cent).
 
The strain reflects the aggregate of the pre-tax regulatory basis strain to net worth after IFRS adjustments for deferral of acquisition costs and deferred income where appropriate.
 
 
(ii)     Non-recurrent items of £17 million in half year 2012 (half year 2011: £25 million; full year 2011: £38 million), represents a small number of items that are not anticipated to re-occur in subsequent periods.
 
 
 
3     Analysis of asset management operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
 
           
 
Half year 2012
 
M&G 
Eastspring Investments 
PruCap 
US 
Total 
 
£m 
notes (i)(ii)
£m 
 note (ii)
£m 
£m 
£m 
Operating income before performance-related fees
354 
96   
59 
142 
651 
Performance-related fees
1   
 - 
 - 
 2 
Operating income*
355 
97   
59 
142 
653 
Operating expense
(186)
(63)  
(35)
(125)
(409)
Share of associate's results
 -   
 - 
 - 
 6 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
175 
34   
24 
17 
250 
Average funds under management (FUM), including 47% proportional share of PPM South Africa**
£200.6 bn
       
Average funds under management (FUM), excluding PPM South Africa**
£196.8 bn
£ 52.1 bn 
     
Margin based on operating income**
36 bps
37  bps
     
Cost/income ratio
53%
66%  
     
 
           
 
Half year 2011
 
M&G 
Eastspring Investments
PruCap 
US 
Total 
 
£m 
notes (i)(ii)
£m 
note (ii)
£m 
£m 
£m 
Operating income before performance-related fees
330 
98 
55 
125 
608 
Performance-related fees
12 
 3 
 - 
 - 
15 
Operating income*
342 
101 
55 
125 
623 
Operating expense
(183)
(58)
(28)
(108)
(377)
Share of associate's results
13 
 - 
 - 
 - 
13 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
172 
43 
27 
17 
259 
Average funds under management (FUM), including 100% share of PPM South Africa**
£200.5 bn 
       
Average funds under management (FUM), excluding PPM South Africa**
£191.4 bn
£52.2 bn
     
Margin based on operating income**
34 bps
38 bps
     
Cost/income ratio
55%
59%
     
 
           
 
Full year 2011
 
M&G
Eastspring Investments
PruCap
US
Total
 
£m 
notes (i)(ii)
£m 
note (ii)
£m
£m
£m
Operating income before performance-related fees
666 
196 
122 
249 
1,233 
Performance-related fees
13 
 - 
 - 
19 
Operating income*
679 
202 
122 
249 
1,252 
Operating expense
(404)
(122)
(66)
(225)
(817)
Share of associate's results
26 
 - 
 - 
 - 
26 
Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns
301 
80 
56 
24 
461 
Average funds under management (FUM), including 100% share of PPM South Africa**
£199.8 bn
       
Average funds under management (FUM), excluding PPM South Africa**
£191.1 bn
£51.1 bn
     
Margin based on operating income**
35 
38 bps
     
Cost/income ratio
61%
62%
     
 
 
Notes
 
(i)      Following the divestment in the first half of 2012 of M&G's holding in PPM South Africa from 75 per cent to 47 per cent and its treatment from 2012 as an associate, M&G's operating income and expense no longer includes any 
          element from PPM South Africa. In order to avoid period on period distortion, in the table above the 2011 operating income, margin and cost/income ratio reflect the retrospective application of this basis of presentation for half 
          year 2011 and full year 2011 results.
 
 
 
(ii)     M&G and Eastspring Investments can be further analysed as follows:
 
                             
     
M&G
             
Eastspring Invesments
     
Operating income before performance related fees
 
Operating income before performance related fees
 
Retail 
Margin 
 of FUM **§
Institu- 
tional 
Margin 
 of FUM **
Total
Margin 
 of FUM **
   
Retail
Margin
 of FUM**§
Institu-
tional
Margin
 of FUM**
Total
Margin
 of FUM**
 
£m 
bps 
£m 
bps 
£m 
bps 
   
£m 
bps 
£m 
bps 
£m 
bps 
30 Jun 2012
218 
96 
136 
18 
354 
36 
 
30 Jun 2012
56 
65 
40 
23 
96 
37 
30 Jun 2011
198 
97 
132 
18 
330 
34 
 
30 Jun 2011
61 
60 
37 
23 
98 
38 
31 Dec 2011
396 
98 
270 
18 
666 
35 
 
31 Dec 2011
120 
64 
76 
23 
196 
38 
 
 
 
 
*    Operating income is net of commissions. M&G's operating income excludes any contribution from M&G's associate, PPM South Africa.
 
**  Margin represents operating income before performance related fees as a proportion of the related funds under management (FUM), excluding PPM South Africa. Half year figures have been annualised by multiplying by two. For
       half year 2012, the opening balance of M&G's FUM has been adjusted to remove the proportional share of PPM South Africa divested following the change in treatment to associate at the beginning of the period. Opening and
       closing internal and external funds managed by the respective entity have been used to derive the average. Any funds held by the Group's insurance operations which are managed by third parties outside of the Prudential Group
       are excluded from these amounts.
 
        Cost/income ratio represents cost as a percentage of operating income before performance related fees. In order to avoid period on period distortion, M&G's operating income and expense excludes any contribution from M&G's
       associate, PPM South Africa.
 
    Institutional includes internal funds.
 
§     As noted above, the margins on operating income are based on the average of the opening and closing FUM balances. For Eastspring Investments, if a monthly average FUM had been used in calculating the retail margins for
        half year 2012 and half year 2011, the retail margins would have been 63 bps for half year 2012 and 61 bps for half year 2011
.
 
4          IFRS shareholders' funds summary by business unit and net asset value per share
 
 
i
       Shareholders' funds summary
 
   
30 Jun 
2012 
 
30 Jun  
2011 *
31 Dec 
2011 *
   
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
Asia operations
       
Insurance operations
       
 
Net assets of operation 
2,166 
 
1,985 
2,071 
 
Acquired goodwill
237 
 
239 
235 
 
Total
2,403 
 
2,224 
2,306 
Eastspring Investments
       
 
Net assets of operation
202 
 
212 
211 
 
Acquired goodwill
61 
 
61 
61 
 
Total
263 
 
273 
272 
Total
2,666 
 
2,497 
2,578 
US operations
       
 
Jackson (net of surplus note borrowings) 
3,919 
 
3,298 
3,761 
 
Broker-dealer and asset management operations:
       
 
Net assets of operation
108 
 
108 
113 
 
Acquired goodwill
16 
 
16 
16 
 
Total
124 
 
124 
129 
Total
4,043 
 
3,422 
3,890 
UK operations
       
Insurance operations:
       
 
Long-term business operation
2,709 
 
2,294 
2,552 
 
Other
13 
 
48 
29 
 
Total
2,722 
 
2,342 
2,581 
M&G
       
 
Net assets of operation
348 
 
310 
229 
 
Acquired goodwill
1,153 
 
1,153 
1,153 
 
Total
1,501 
 
1,463 
1,382 
Total
4,223 
 
3,805 
3,963 
Other operations
       
 
Holding company net borrowings 
(1,965)
 
(2,117)
(2,001)
 
Shareholders' share of provision for future deficit funding of the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (net of tax)
38 
 
(8)
(5)
 
Other net assets 
287 
 
391 
139 
Total
(1,640)
 
(1,734)
(1,867)
Total of all operations
9,292 
 
7,990 
8,564 
 
 
ii
     Net asset value per share  
 
           
   
30 Jun  
2012  
 
30 Jun  
2011 *
31 Dec 
2011 *
Closing equity shareholders' funds
£9,292m 
 
£7,990m  
£8,564m 
Net asset value per share attributable to equity shareholdersnote (i)
364p  
 
314p   
336p  
 The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
 
Note
 
(i)      Based on the closing issued share capital as at:
 
•     30 June 2012 of 2,556 million shares;
 
•     30 June 2011 of 2,548 million shares; and
 
•     31 December 2011 of 2,548 million shares.
 
5     Funds under management
 
i        Summary
 
         
   
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
   
£bn
£bn
£bn
Business area  
     
Asia operations
35.0 
32.2 
32.6 
US operations
78.1 
67.2 
71.9 
UK operations
147.4 
146.4 
146.3 
Internal funds under management
260.5 
245.8 
250.8 
External funds note (i)
102.7 
103.7 
99.8 
Total funds under management
363.2 
349.5 
350.6 
 
 
Note
 
(i)      External funds shown above for 30 June 2012 of £102.7 billion (30 June 2011: £103.7 billion; 31 December 2011: £99.8 billion) comprise £110.2 billion (30 June 2011: £109.9 billion; 31 December 2011: £107.0 billion) in respect of
          investment products, as published in the New Business schedules (see schedule 7) plus Asia Money Market Funds for 30 June 2012 of £4.1 billion (30 June 2011: £5.3 billion;
 
          31 December 2011: £4.2 billion) less £11.6 billion (30 June 2011: £11.5 billion; 31 December 2011: £11.4 billion) that are classified within internal funds.
 
 
 
(ii)     Internal funds under management - analysis by business area
 
                         
 
Asia operations
US operations
UK operations
 
Total
 
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
 
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
£bn
Investment propertiesnote (i)
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
11.0 
11.5 
10.9 
11.1 
11.6 
11.0 
Equity securities
12.6 
14.2 
12.0 
43.9 
36.2 
38.1 
34.0 
40.6 
37.3 
90.5 
91.0 
87.4 
Debt securities
19.4 
15.4 
17.7 
27.1 
25.3 
27.0 
81.8 
76.5 
79.8 
128.3 
117.2 
124.5 
Loans
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
4.1 
4.1 
4.1 
4.7 
3.7 
4.4 
10.0 
9.0 
9.7 
Other investments and deposits
1.8 
1.4 
1.7 
2.9 
1.5 
2.6 
15.9 
14.1 
13.9 
20.6 
17.0 
18.2 
Total
35.0 
32.2 
32.6 
78.1 
67.2 
71.9 
147.4 
146.4 
146.3 
260.5 
245.8 
250.8 
 
 
Note
 
(i)      As included in the investments section of the consolidated statement of financial position at 30 June 2012 except for £0.3 billion (30 June 2011: £0.5 billion; 31 December 2011: £0.2 billion) properties which are held-for-sale or
          occupied by the Group and, accordingly under IFRS, are included in other statement of financial position captions.
 
 
 
6     Effect of foreign currency rate movements on results
 
i       Rates of exchange
The income statements of foreign subsidiaries are translated at average exchange rates for the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated at closing exchange rates. Foreign currency borrowings that have been used to provide a hedge against the Group's equity investments in overseas subsidiaries are also translated at closing exchange rates. The impact of these translations is recorded as a component of the movement in shareholders' equity.

The following translation rates have been applied:
 
 
Closing
Average
Closing
Average
Closing
Average
Local currency: £
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2012
30 Jun
2011
30 Jun
2011
31 Dec
2011
31 Dec
2011
Hong Kong
12.17 
12.24 
12.49 
12.58 
12.07 
12.48 
Indonesia
14,731.67 
14,460.30 
13,767.54 
14,133.01 
14,091.80 
14,049.41 
Malaysia
4.98 
4.87 
4.85 
4.9 
4.93 
4.90 
Singapore
1.99 
1.99 
1.97 
2.03 
2.02 
2.02 
India
87.57 
82.27 
71.77 
72.74 
82.53 
74.80 
Vietnam
32,788.45 
32,937.67 
33,048.21 
33,110.56 
32,688.16 
33,139.22 
USA
1.57 
1.58 
1.61 
1.62 
1.55 
1.60 
 
ii     Effect of rate movements on results
 
   
CERnote (i)
   
As published
Memorandum*
Memorandum*
   
Half year
 2012 
Half year
 2011
Full year
 2011  
IFRS basis results
£m
£m
£m
Asia operations:
     
 
Long-term operations
409 
322 
704 
 
Development expenses
(3)
(2)
(5)
 
Total Asia insurance operations after development costs
406 
320 
699 
 
Eastspring Investments
34 
44 
80 
Total Asia operations  
440 
364 
779 
US operations
     
 
Jacksonnote (ii)
442 
349 
662 
 
Broker-dealer, asset management and Curian operations
17 
17 
24 
Total US operations
459 
366 
686 
UK operations
     
 
Long-term business
336 
332 
683 
 
General insurance commission
17 
21 
40 
 
Total UK insurance operations
353 
353 
723 
 
M&G
199 
199 
357 
Total UK operations
552 
552 
1,080 
Total segment profit
1,451 
1,282 
2,545 
Other income and expenditure
(255)
(253)
(483)
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit pension schemes
42 
42 
Solvency II implementation costs
(27)
(27)
(55)
Restructuring costs
(7)
(8)
(16)
Operating profit from continuing operations based on longer-term investment returns
1,162 
1,036 
2,033 
Shareholders' funds
9,292 
7,976 
8,546 
 The 2011 comparative results have been adjusted from those previously published for the retrospective application of the improvement in accounting policy described in note B.
 
           
       
CERnote (i)
     
As published 
Half year
 2012 
Memorandum 
 Half year
 2011 
Memorandum 
Full year
 2011
EEV basis results
£m 
£m 
£m 
Asia operations:
     
   
New business
547 
468 
1,074 
   
Business in force
325 
310 
688 
   
Long-term operations
872 
778 
1,762 
   
Eastspring Investments
34 
44 
80 
   
Development expenses
(3)
(2)
(5)
Total Asia operations
903 
820 
1,837 
US operations
     
   
New business
442 
470 
829 
   
Business in force
363 
382 
626 
   
Jackson
805 
852 
1,455 
   
Broker-dealer, asset management and Curian operations
17 
17 
24 
Total US operations
822 
869 
1,479 
UK operations
     
   
New business
152 
146 
260 
   
Business in force
338 
391 
593 
   
Long-term business
490 
537 
853 
   
General insurance commission
17 
21 
40 
   
Total insurance
507 
558 
893 
   
M&G
199 
199 
357 
Total UK operations
706 
757 
1,250 
           
Other income and expenditure
(285)
(281)
(536)
RPI to CPI inflation measure change on defined benefit pension schemes
45 
45 
Solvency II implementation costs
(29)
(28)
(56)
Restructuring costs
(8)
(9)
(18)
Operating profit from continuing operations based on longer-term investment returns
2,109 
2,173 
4,001 
Shareholders' funds
20,605 
18,898 
19,521 
Note
 
(i)      The 'as published' operating profit for 2012 and 'memorandum' operating profit for 2011 have been calculated by applying average 2012 exchange rates (CER).
   The 'as published' shareholders' funds for 2012 and memorandum' shareholders' funds for 2011 have been calculated by applying closing period end 2012 exchange rates.
 
7     New Business Schedules
 
BASIS OF PREPARATION
 
The new business schedules are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement.
 
The format of the schedules is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. Products categorised as insurance refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in part II of Schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under FSA regulations.
 
The details shown for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK Insurance Operations, and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US Operations.
 
New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option. New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts designed as investment products for IFRS reporting.
 
Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.
 
New Business Profit has been determined using the European Embedded Value (EEV) methodology and assumptions set out in our 2011 Annual Report.
 
In determining the EEV basis value of new business written in the period policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting.
 
Notes to Schedules 7(a) - 7(f)
 
(1a) 
      Insurance and investment new business for overseas operations has been calculated using average exchange rates. The applicable rate for Jackson for half year 2012 is 1.58.
(1b) 
      Insurance and investment new business for overseas operations for 2011 has been calculated using constant exchange rates. The applicable rate for Jackson is 1.58.
(2) 
        New business values are all presented pre-tax.
(3) 
        Annual Equivalents, calculated as regular new business contributions plus 10 per cent of single new business contributions, are subject to roundings. PVNBPs are calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present
        value of expected premiums of new regular premium business. In determining the present value, allowance is made for lapses and other assumptions applied in determining the EEV new business profit.
(4) 
        Balance includes segregated and pooled pension funds, private finance assets and other institutional clients. Other movements reflect the net flows arising from the cash component of a tactical asset allocation fund managed
        by PPM South Africa.
(5) 
        New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation. 
(6) 
        Balance Sheet figures have been calculated at the closing exchange rate.
(7) 
        Sales are converted using the year-to-date average exchange rate applicable at the time. The sterling results for individual quarters represent the difference between the year-to-date reported sterling results at successive
        quarters and will include foreign exchange movements from earlier periods.
(8) 
        New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation. 
(9) 
        Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) product sales in Hong Kong are included at Prudential's 36 per cent interest in    Hong Kong MPF operation.
(10) 
      Investment flows for the half year exclude Eastspring Money Market Funds (MMF) gross inflows of £25,355 million (half year 2011: £35,199 million) and net inflows of £103 million (half year 2011 net outflows: £383 million).
(11) 
      From 1 January 2012, Prudential Portfolio Managers South Africa (Pty) Limited is no longer a subsidiary of M&G following the restructuring transaction whereby M&G's ownership has been diluted following the equitisation
      of the staff incentive scheme and reduced further by the sale of an additional 10 per cent equity stake to an empowerment company as encouraged under Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment legislation. Only 47.2 per 
      cent of funds under management and flows from the South African associate company will be included in M&G's results from 2012 onwards whereas 100 per cent has been included up to the end of 2011.
 
Schedule 7(a) - Reported Exchange Rates
Prudential plc - NEW BUSINESS - Half year 2012
INSURANCE OPERATIONS
 
                         
 
Single
 
Regular
 
Annual Equivalents
 (3)
PVNBP
 
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
 
Group Insurance Operations
                       
Asia (1a) (7)
 669 
 744 
(10%)
 832 
 668 
25%
 899 
 743 
21%
 4,725 
 3,939 
20%
US(1a) (7)
 7,119 
 6,615 
8%
 8 
 10 
(20%)
 719 
 672 
7%
 7,180 
 6,689 
7%
UK
 2,960 
 2,520 
17%
 116 
 157 
(26%)
 412 
 409 
1%
 3,495 
 3,264 
7%
Group Total  
 10,748 
 9,879 
9%
 956 
 835 
14%
 2,030 
 1,824 
11%
 15,400 
 13,892 
11%
                         
Asia Insurance Operations(1a) (7)
                       
Hong Kong
 43 
 76 
(43%)
 173 
 143 
21%
 177 
 151 
17%
 998 
 883 
13%
Indonesia
 159 
 85 
87%
 190 
 150 
27%
 206 
 158 
30%
 831 
 573 
45%
Malaysia
 46 
 42 
10%
 93 
 87 
7%
 98 
 91 
8%
 609 
 526 
16%
Philippines
 89 
 49 
82%
 12 
 9 
33%
 21 
 14 
50%
 123 
 73 
68%
Singapore
 164 
 173 
(5%)
 125 
 86 
45%
 141 
 103 
37%
 1,029 
 778 
32%
Thailand
 6 
 5 
20%
 19 
 10 
90%
 19 
 11 
73%
 71 
 42 
69%
Vietnam
 - 
-
N/A
 18 
 19 
(5%)
 18 
 19 
(5%)
 63 
 65 
(3%)
SE Asia Operations inc. Hong Kong
 507 
 430 
18%
 630 
 504 
25%
 680 
 547 
24%
 3,724 
 2,940 
27%
China(8)
 17 
 35 
(51%)
 32 
 31 
3%
 33 
 35 
(6%)
 156 
 173 
(10%)
Korea
 15 
 44 
(66%)
 43 
 51 
(16%)
 45 
 55 
(18%)
 235 
 292 
(20%)
Taiwan
 86 
 127 
(32%)
 79 
 46 
72%
 88 
 59 
49%
 380 
 285 
33%
India(5)
 44 
 108 
(59%)
 48 
 36 
33%
 53 
 47 
13%
 230 
 249 
(8%)
Total Asia Operations  
 669 
 744 
(10%)
 832 
 668 
25%
 899 
 743 
21%
 4,725 
 3,939 
20%
                         
US Insurance Operations(1a) (7)
                       
Fixed Annuities
 312 
 229 
36%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 31 
 23 
35%
 312 
 229 
36%
Fixed Index Annuities
 503 
 415 
21%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 50 
 42 
19%
 503 
 415 
21%
Life
 4 
 6 
(33%)
 8 
 10 
(20%)
 8 
 11 
(27%)
 65 
 80 
(19%)
Variable Annuities
 6,114 
 5,892 
4%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 611 
 589 
4%
 6,114 
 5,892 
4%
Wholesale
 186 
 73 
155%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 19 
 7 
171%
 186 
 73 
155%
Total US Insurance Operations
 7,119 
 6,615 
8%
 8 
 10 
(20%)
 719 
 672 
7%
 7,180 
 6,689 
7%
                         
UK & Europe Insurance Operations
                       
Direct and Partnership Annuities
 139 
 184 
(24%)
 - 
 - 
N/A
 14 
 18 
(22%)
 139 
 184 
(24%)
Intermediated Annuities
 249 
 117 
113%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 25 
 12 
108%
 249 
 117 
113%
Internal Vesting Annuities
 657 
 561 
17%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 66 
 56 
18%
 657 
 561 
17%
Total Individual Annuities
 1,045 
 862 
21%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 105 
 86 
22%
 1,045 
 862 
21%
Corporate Pensions
 134 
 121 
11%
 91 
 135 
(33%)
 104 
 147 
(29%)
 551 
 750 
(27%)
On-shore Bonds
 1,060 
 835 
27%
 - 
-
N/A
 106 
 84 
26%
 1,060 
 836 
27%
Other Products
 449 
 421 
7%
 25 
 22 
14%
 70 
 64 
9%
 567 
 535 
6%
Wholesale
 272 
 281 
(3%)
 - 
-
N/A
 27 
 28 
(4%)
 272 
 281 
(3%)
Total UK & Europe Insurance Ops
 
 2,960 
 2,520 
17%
 116 
 157 
(26%)
 412 
 409 
1%
 3,495 
 3,264 
7%
Group Total  
 10,748 
 9,879 
9%
 956 
 835 
14%
 2,030 
 1,824 
11%
 15,400 
 13,892 
11%
 
Schedule 7(b) - Constant Exchange Rates
Prudential plc - NEW BUSINESS -Half year 2012
INSURANCE OPERATIONS
 
 
                         
 
Single
 
Regular
 
Annual Equivalents(3)
PVNBP
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
Half year 
 2012 
Half year 
 2011 
 
 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
YTD 
YTD 
+/- (%) 
 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
 
£m 
£m 
 
Group Insurance Operations
                       
Asia  (1b) (7)
 669 
 734 
(9%)
 832 
 670 
24%
 899 
 743 
21%
 4,725 
 3,953 
20%
US(1b) (7)
 7,119 
 6,783 
5%
 8 
 10 
(20%)
 719 
 688 
5%
 7,180 
 6,859 
5%
UK
 2,960 
 2,520 
17%
 116 
 157 
(26%)
 412 
 409 
1%
 3,495 
 3,264 
7%
Group Total  
 10,748 
 10,037 
7%
 956 
 837 
14%
 2,030 
 1,840 
10%
 15,400 
 14,076 
9%
                         
Asia Insurance Operations(1b) (7)
                       
Hong Kong
 43 
 78 
(45%)
 173 
 149 
16%
 177 
 155 
14%
 998 
 907 
10%
Indonesia
 159 
 83 
92%
 190 
 146 
30%
 206 
 154 
34%
 831 
 560 
48%
Malaysia
 46 
 42 
10%
 93 
 87 
7%
 98 
 92 
7%
 609 
 530 
15%
Philippines
 89 
 51 
75%
 12 
 9 
33%
 21 
 14 
50%
 123 
 76 
62%
Singapore
 164 
 177 
(7%)
 125 
 88 
42%
 141 
 106 
33%
 1,029 
 794 
30%
Thailand
 6 
 5 
20%
 19 
 10 
90%
 19 
 11 
73%
 71 
 42 
69%
Vietnam
 - 
 - 
N/A
 18 
 19 
(5%)
 18 
 19 
(5%)
 63 
 65 
(3%)
SE Asia Operations inc. Hong Kong
 507 
 436 
16%
 630 
 508 
24%
 680 
 551 
23%
 3,724 
 2,974 
25%
China(8)
 17 
 37 
(54%)
 32 
 33 
(3%)
 33 
 37 
(11%)
 156 
 184 
(15%)
Korea
 15 
 42 
(64%)
 43 
 51 
(16%)
 45 
 55 
(18%)
 235 
 288 
(18%)
Taiwan
 86 
 124 
(31%)
 79 
 46 
72%
 88 
 58 
52%
 380 
 286 
33%
India(5)
 44 
 95 
(54%)
 48 
 32 
50%
 53 
 42 
26%
 230 
 221 
4%
Total Asia operations
 669 
 734 
(9%)
 832 
 670 
24%
 899 
 743 
21%
 4,725 
 3,953 
20%
                         
US Insurance Operations(1b) (7)
                       
Fixed Annuities
 312 
 235 
33%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 31 
 24 
29%
 312 
 235 
33%
Fixed Index Annuities
 503 
 425 
18%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 50 
 43 
16%
 503 
 425 
18%
Life
 4 
 6 
(33%)
 8 
 10 
(20%)
 8 
 10 
(20%)
 65 
 82 
(21%)
Variable Annuities
 6,114 
 6,042 
1%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 611 
 604 
1%
 6,114 
 6,042 
1%
Wholesale
 186 
 75 
148%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 19 
 7 
171%
 186 
 75 
148%
Total US Insurance Operations
 7,119 
 6,783 
5%
 8 
 10 
(20%)
 719 
 688 
5%
 7,180 
 6,859 
5%
                         
UK & Europe Insurance Operations
                       
Direct and Partnership Annuities
 139 
 184 
(24%)
 - 
 - 
N/A
 14 
 18 
(22%)
 139 
 184 
(24%)
Intermediated Annuities
 249 
 117 
113%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 25 
 12 
108%
 249 
 117 
113%
Internal Vesting Annuities
 657 
 561 
17%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 66 
 56 
18%
 657 
 561 
17%
Total Individual Annuities
 1,045 
 862 
21%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 105 
 86 
22%
 1,045 
 862 
21%
Corporate Pensions
 134 
 121 
11%
 91 
 135 
(33%)
 104 
 147 
(29%)
 551 
 750 
(27%)
On-shore Bonds
 1,060 
 835 
27%
 - 
 - 
N/A
 106 
 84 
26%
 1,060 
 836 
27%
Other Products
 449 
 421 
7%
 25 
 22 
14%
 70 
 64 
9%
 567 
 535 
6%
Wholesale
 272 
 281 
(3%)
 - 
 - 
N/A
 27 
 28 
(4%)
 272 
 281 
(3%)
Total UK & Europe Insurance Ops
 2,960 
 2,520 
17%
 116 
 157 
(26%)
 412 
 409 
1%
 3,495 
 3,264 
7%
Group Total  
 10,748 
 10,037 
7%
 956 
 837 
14%
 2,030 
 1,840 
10%
 15,400 
 14,076 
9%
 
Schedule 7(c) - Reported Exchange Rates
Prudential plc - NEW BUSINESS - Half year 2012
TOTAL INSURANCE NEW BUSINESS APE - BY QUARTER
 
 
             
 
2011 
2012 
 
Q1 
Q2 
Q3 
Q4 
Q1 
Q2 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Group Insurance Operations
           
Asia (1a)(7)
 367 
 376 
 404 
 513 
 443 
 456 
US(1a)(7)
 322 
 350 
 316 
 287 
 332 
 387 
UK  
 199 
 210 
 160 
 177 
 189 
 223 
Group Total  
 888 
 936 
 880 
 977 
 964 
 1,066 
             
Asia Insurance Operations(1a)(7)
           
Hong Kong
 77 
 74 
 78 
 102 
 85 
 92 
Indonesia
 74 
 84 
 81 
 124 
 97 
 109 
Malaysia
 44 
 47 
 59 
 73 
 45 
 53 
Philippines
 6 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 11 
Singapore
 47 
 56 
 60 
 72 
 72 
 69 
Thailand
 5 
 6 
 9 
 7 
 11 
 8 
Vietnam
 8 
 11 
 10 
 13 
 7 
 11 
SE Asia Operations inc. Hong Kong
 261 
 286 
 305 
 399 
 327 
 353 
China(8)
 18 
 17 
 11 
 13 
 17 
 16 
Korea
 28 
 27 
 26 
 20 
 21 
 24 
Taiwan
 29 
 30 
 36 
 53 
 43 
 45 
India(5)
 31 
 16 
 26 
 28 
 35 
 18 
Total Asia Insurance Operations
 367 
 376 
 404 
 513 
 443 
 456 
             
US Insurance Operations(1a)(7)
           
Fixed Annuities
 13 
 10 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 15 
Fixed Index Annuities
 20 
 22 
 26 
 25 
 25 
 25 
Life
 5 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 4 
Variable Annuities
 284 
 305 
 262 
 240 
 279 
 332 
Wholesale
-
 7 
 13 
 4 
 8 
 11 
Total US Insurance Operations
 322 
 350 
 316 
 287 
 332 
 387 
             
UK & Europe Insurance Operations
           
Direct and Partnership Annuities
 10 
 8 
 8 
 6 
 7 
 7 
Intermediated Annuities
 5 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 10 
 15 
Internal Vesting annuities
 27 
 29 
 32 
 34 
 31 
 35 
Total Individual Annuities
 42 
 44 
 47 
 46 
 48 
 57 
Corporate Pensions
 78 
 69 
 43 
 43 
 49 
 55 
On-shore Bonds
 43 
 41 
 43 
 51 
 55 
 51 
Other Products
 36 
 28 
 27 
 31 
 37 
 33 
Wholesale
 - 
 28 
 - 
 6 
 - 
 27 
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
 199 
 210 
 160 
 177 
 189 
 223 
Group Total
 888 
 936 
 880 
 977 
 964 
 1,066 
 
 
Schedule 7(d) - Constant Exchange Rates
Prudential plc - NEW BUSINESS - Half year 2012
TOTAL INSURANCE NEW BUSINESS APE - BY QUARTER
 
 
             
 
2011 
2012 
 
Q1 
Q2 
Q3 
Q4 
Q1 
Q2 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Group Insurance Operations
           
Asia(1b)(7)
 368 
 375 
 399 
 512 
 443 
 456 
US(1b) (7)
 327 
 361 
 323 
 285 
 332 
 387 
UK  
 199 
 210 
160 
177 
189 
223 
Group Total
 894 
 946 
 882 
 974 
 964 
 1,066 
             
Asia Insurance Operations(1b)(7)
           
Hong Kong
 79 
 76 
 80 
 102 
 85 
 92 
Indonesia
 73 
 81 
 77 
 122 
 97 
 109 
Malaysia
 44 
 48 
 59 
 74 
 45 
 53 
Philippines
 7 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 11 
Singapore
 48 
 58 
 58 
 73 
 72 
 69 
Thailand
 5 
 6 
 9 
 6 
 11 
 8 
Vietnam
 8 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 7 
 11 
SE Asia Operations inc. Hong Kong
 264 
 287 
 302 
 398 
 327 
 353 
China(8)
 19 
 18 
 12 
 13 
 17 
 16 
Korea
 28 
 27 
 25 
 20 
 21 
 24 
Taiwan
 29 
 29 
 37 
 54 
 43 
 45 
India(5)
 28 
 14 
 23 
 27 
 35 
 18 
Total Asia Insurance Operations  
 368 
 375 
 399 
 512 
 443 
 456 
             
US Insurance Operations(1b) (7)
           
Fixed Annuities
 13 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 15 
Fixed Index Annuities
 21 
 22 
 27 
 25 
 25 
 25 
Life
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 4 
Variable Annuities
 288 
 316 
 267 
 238 
 279 
 332 
Wholesale
 - 
 7 
 14 
 3 
 8 
 11 
Total US Insurance Operations
 327 
 361 
 323 
 285 
 332 
 387 
             
UK & Europe Insurance Operations
           
Direct and Partnership Annuities
 10 
 8 
Intermediated Annuities
 5 
 7 
10 
15 
Internal Vesting annuities
 27 
 29 
32 
34 
31 
35 
Total Individual Annuities
 42 
 44 
 47 
 46 
 48 
 57 
Corporate Pensions
 78 
 69 
43 
43 
49 
55 
On-shore Bonds
 43 
 41 
43 
51 
55 
51 
Other Products
 36 
 28 
27 
31 
37 
33 
Wholesale
 - 
 28 
27 
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
199 
210 
160 
177 
189 
223 
Group Total
894 
946 
882 
974 
964 
1,066 
 
Schedule 7(e) - Reported Exchange Rates
Prudential plc - NEW BUSINESS - Half year 2012
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS - BY QUARTER
 
 
             
 
 2011 
2012 
 
Q1 
Q2 
Q3 
Q4 
Q1 
Q2 
 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
£m 
Group Investment Operations(10,11)
           
Opening FUM
107,491 
108,234 
109,901 
102,535 
106,984 
109,507 
Net Flows
1,891 
1,019 
487 
1,621 
2,116 
3,251 
 - Gross Inflows
9,186 
8,482 
8,599 
7,538 
9,183 
9,305 
 - Redemptions
(7,295)
(7,463)
(8,112)
(5,917)
(7,067)
(6,054)
Other Movements
(1,148)
648 
(7,853)
2,828 
407 
(2,554)
Total Group Investment Operations
108,234 
109,901 
102,535 
106,984 
109,507 
110,204 
             
M&G(11)
           
             
Retail
           
Opening FUM
42,506 
44,018 
45,603 
41,427 
44,228 
47,972 
Net Flows
1,310 
1,486 
(172)
1,271 
2,398 
1,876 
 - Gross Inflows
5,474 
4,900 
4,322 
4,353 
6,055 
4,995 
 - Redemptions
(4,164)
(3,414)
(4,494)
(3,082)
(3,657)
(3,119)
Other Movements
202 
99 
(4,004)
1,530 
1,346 
(1,496)
Closing FUM
44,018 
45,603 
41,427 
44,228 
47,972 
48,352 
             
Institutional(4)
           
Opening FUM
46,820 
47,364 
47,747 
45,921 
47,720 
45,371 
Net Flows
367 
(241)
(116)
480 
(631)
1,298 
 - Gross Inflows
1,445 
1,571 
2,105 
1,811 
954 
2,697 
 - Redemptions
(1,078)
(1,812)
(2,221)
(1,331)
(1,585)
(1,399)
Other Movements
177 
624 
(1,710)
1,319 
(1,718)
(378)
Closing FUM
47,364 
47,747 
45,921 
47,720 
45,371 
46,291 
Total M&G Investment Operations
91,382 
93,350 
87,348 
91,948 
93,343 
94,643 
             
Total PPM South Africa  included in Total M&G(11)
8,772 
8,695 
7,396 
7,872 
3,757 
3,584 
             
Eastspring(10)
           
             
Equity/Bond/Other(9)
           
Opening FUM
16,358 
14,943 
14,565 
13,404 
13,007 
13,970 
Net Flows
64 
(272)
713 
(252)
333 
50 
 - Gross Inflows
2,031 
1,911 
2,088 
1,147 
2,120 
1,552 
 - Redemptions
(1,967)
(2,183)
(1,375)
(1,399)
(1,787)
(1,502)
Other Movements
(1,479)
(106)
(1,874)
(145)
630 
(597)
Closing FUM(6)
14,943 
14,565 
13,404 
13,007 
13,970 
13,423 
             
Third Party Institutional Mandates
           
Opening FUM
1,807 
1,909 
1,986 
1,783 
2,029 
2,194 
Net Flows
150 
46 
62 
122 
16 
27 
 - Gross Inflows
236 
100 
84 
227 
54 
61 
 - Redemptions
(86)
(54)
(22)
(105)
(38)
(34)
Other Movements
(48)
31 
(265)
124 
149 
(83)
Closing FUM(6)
1,909 
1,986 
1,783 
2,029 
2,194 
2,138 
             
Total Asia Investment Operations
16,852 
16,551 
15,187 
15,036 
16,164 
15,561 
             
US
           
Curian Capital - FUM(6)
3,873 
4,268 
4,291 
4,705 
5,118 
5,212 
 
Schedule 7(f) - Reported Exchange Rates
Prudential plc - NEW BUSINESS - Half year 2012
TOTAL INSURANCE NEW BUSINESS PROFIT AND MARGIN (% APE AND % PVNBP)
 
 
             
 
2011 
2012 
 
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2 
 
YTD
YTD
YTD
YTD
YTD
YTD 
 
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m
£m 
Annual Equivalent(3)
           
Total Asia Insurance Operations  
367 
743 
1,147 
1,660 
443 
899 
Total US Insurance Operations
322 
672 
988 
1,275 
332 
719 
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
199 
409 
569 
746 
189 
412 
Group Total
888 
1,824 
2,704 
3,681 
964 
2,030 
             
New business profit(2)
           
Total Asia Insurance Operations  
213 
465 
719 
1076 
260 
547 
Total US Insurance Operations
220 
458 
622 
815 
214 
442 
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
65 
146 
194 
260 
62 
152 
Group Total
498 
1,069 
1,535 
2,151 
536 
1,141 
 
New business margin (% of APE)
           
Total Asia Insurance Operations  
58%
63%
63%
65%
59%
61%*
Total US Insurance Operations
68%
68%
63%
64%
64%
61%
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
33%
36%
34%
35%
33%
37%
Group Total
56%
59%
57%
58%
56%
56%
             
PVNBP(3)
           
Total Asia Insurance Operations
1,935 
3,939 
6,221 
8,910 
2,303 
4,725 
Total US Insurance Operations
3,206 
6,689 
9,858 
12,720 
3,307 
7,180 
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
1,551 
3,264 
4,603 
6,111 
1,580 
3,495 
Group Total
6,692 
13,892 
20,682 
27,741 
7,190 
15,400 
             
New business profit(2)
           
Total Asia Insurance Operations  
213 
465 
719 
1,076 
260 
547 
Total US Insurance Operations
220 
458 
622 
815 
214 
442 
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
65 
146 
194 
260 
62 
152 
Group Total  
498 
1,069 
1,535 
2,151 
536 
1,141 
             
New business margin (% of PVNBP)
           
Total Asia Insurance Operations
11.0%
11.8%
11.6%
12.1%
11.3%
11.6%
Total US Insurance Operations
6.9%
6.8%
6.3%
6.4%
6.5%
6.2%
Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations
4.2%
4.5%
4.2%
4.3%
3.9%
4.3%
Group Total
7.4%
7.7%
7.4%
7.8%
7.5%
7.4%
 
* The first half 2012 Asia ex-India margin was 63 per cent (first half 2011: 65 per cent).
 
 
 
 
 





 
SIGNATURES
 
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.




 
 
Date 10 August 2012
 
 
PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
   
 
By: /s/ Clive Burns
   
 
Clive Burns
 
Head of Group Secretariat